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15.22.4 Hepatic encephalopathy 3080 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3080 Fagundes C, Ginès P (2012). Hepatorenal syndrome: a severe, but treatable, cause of kidney failure in cirrhosis. Am J Kidney Dis, 59, 874–​85. Ferguson JW, Tripathi D, Hayes PC ...

15.22.5 Liver failure 3089 15.22.5  Liver failure 3089 investigate novel sensitive and specific biomarkers, further validate existing investigative tools, and develop clear diagnostic algorithms. With the growing recognition of the importance of systemic in- f...

15.22.6 Liver transplantation 3100 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3100 Other approaches to further improve prognostic criteria include sequential assessment of liver volumes by CT. This is a new tool to assess liver collapse and thus infer hepatocel...

15.23 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease 3108

15.23.1 Hepatitis A to E 3108 CONTENTS 15.23.1 Hepatitis A to E  3108 Graeme J.M. Alexander and Kate Nash 15.23.2 Autoimmune hepatitis  3119 G.J. Webb and Gideon M. Hirschfield 15.23.3 Primary biliary cholangitis  3127 Jessica K. Dyson and David E.J. Jones ...

15.23.2 Autoimmune hepatitis 3119 15.23.2  Autoimmune hepatitis 3119 level and decreased necroinflammation on liver biopsy. Some pa- tients may clear HDV transiently, although HBsAg often persists and most patients experience virological relapse of HDV when th...

15.23.3 Primary biliary cholangitis 3127 15.23.3  Primary biliary cholangitis 3127 Acknowledgements Prof Stefan Hübscher, Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham, and Dr Abid Karim, Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom. FURTH...

15.23.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 3135 15.23.4  Primary sclerosing cholangitis 3135 meet the minimal listing criteria (United Kingdom Model for End-​ Stage Liver Disease score of 49 or greater) based on a combination of markers of disease severity includi...

15.24 Other liver diseases 3142

15.24.1 Alcoholic liver disease 3142 CONTENTS 15.24.1 Alcoholic liver disease  3142 Ewan Forrest 15.24.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  3147 Quentin M. Anstee and Christopher P. Day 15.24.3 Drug-​induced liver disease  3155 Guruprasad P. Aithal 15.24.4 ...

15.24.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 3147 15.24.2  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 3147 related to the stage of disease, as assessed by standard chronic liver disease scores such as the MELD score or the Child–​Pugh score. The prognosis is improved by sus...

15.24.3 Drug- induced liver disease 3155 15.24.3  Drug-induced liver disease 3155 Therapy Gawrieh S, Chalasani N (2015). Pharmacotherapy for non-​alcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis, 35, 338–​48. Lombardi R, et  al. (2017). Pharmacological intervent...

15.24.4 Vascular disorders of the liver 3166 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3166 Padda MS, et  al. (2011). Drug-​induced cholestasis. Hepatology, 53, 1377–​87. Ramappa V, Aithal GP (2013). Hepatotoxicity related to anti-​ tuberculosis drugs:  mechan...

15.24.5 The liver in systemic disease 3169 15.24.5  The liver in systemic disease 3169 with pain, sometimes in the back and rarely after cholecystectomy with jaundice and biliary obstruction. Spontaneous rupture has been associated with haemobilia and is a maj...

15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumours 3178 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3178 Graft-​versus-​host disease The liver is often affected by graft-​versus-​host disease that may follow allogeneic and solid organ transplantation, especially when l...

15.24.7 Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood 3191 15.24.7  Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood 3191 15.24.7  Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood Richard J. Thompson ESSENTIALS Most liver diseases that occur in adu...

15.25 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree 3196 ESSENTIALS Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts are common, with gall- stones and their complications being most frequent. Less common are biliary strictures, usually malignant, which are caused by ...

15.26 Diseases of the pancreas 3209