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Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) Cervical hyperextension can occur during a rear impact in a car accident or from a frontal impact to the head. If such a mechanism dissipates a lot of energy , the spinal cord can be damaged even ...

Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) Cervical hyperextension can occur during a rear impact in a car accident or from a frontal impact to the head. If such a mechanism dissipates a lot of energy , the spinal cord can be damaged even ...

THE PRIMARY SURVEY Injured children are assessed using the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) structured cABCDE approach: of catastrophic bleeding with pressure, A irway with C-spine control, B reathing with oxygen, C irculation with further control of haem...

Trauma-induced coagulopathy Tissue damage releases factors that encourage coagulation but acidosis and hypothermia prolong it; therefore, blood products should be warmed. For each 1°C fall in temperature, factor activity falls by 10%. Below 34°C clotting times...

After haemorrhage control Once haemorrhage is controlled, patients should be defini - tively resuscitated, warmed and have coagulopathy corrected. Attention should be paid to fluid responsiveness and the end - points of resuscitation to ensure that patients a...

Blood and blood products Blood is collected from donors who have been previously screened before donating to exclude any donor whose blood may have the potential to harm the patient or to prevent possible harm that donating a unit of blood may have for the do...

Blood groups and cross-matching Human red cells have on their cell surface many di ff erent - antigens. Two groups of antigens are of major importance in surgical practice /uni00A0 – /uni00A0 the ABO and rhesus systems. ABO system These proteins are strongly ...

Blood substitutes Blood substitutes are an attractive alternative to the costly process of donating, checking, storing and administering blood, especially given the immunogenic and potential infec tious complications associated with transfusion. There are sev...

Classification of shock There are numerous ways to classify shock, but the most common and most clinically applicable is one based on the initiating mechanism. All states are characterised by systemic tissue hypoperfusion, and di ff erent states may coexist with...