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Hypospadias The genital tubercle becomes a penis under the influence of androgens with a tubular urethra arising from the urethral plate. The urethral plate develops a diamond-shaped groove whose edges fold over and fuse in the midline, forming a tube. In gi...

INTRODUCTION Paediatric urologists are paediatric surgeons who subspecialise in the conditions outlined in this chapter; they also manage the acute and elective inguinoscrotal pathology described in Chapter 17 . Surgeons in many specialities are consulted abou...

Learning objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the indications for circumcision in childhood and of stone management • list the complications Describe three levels of urinary tract obstruction and • outline their management Descri...

NEUROPATHIC BLADDER A myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, fatty filum or an occult tethered cord can cause a neuropathic bladder that may need lifelong care to protect the kidneys from high urinary pressures and reflux, and support continence and independenc...

Posterior urethral valves PUVs are membranous folds that obstruct the lumen of the posterior urethra, a ff ecting about 1 in 4000 live-born boys. Girls are not a ff ected. About one-third are identified antenatally with bilateral hydronephrosis, a dilated bladder...

Radioisotope renal imaging 99m The metastable radioisotope Tc emits gamma rays during 99 an isomeric transition to Tc. It has a 6-hour emission half-life and a 1-day biological half-life, so imaging with low exposure is 99m possible. For static imaging, Tc is ...

THE PENIS Foreskin disorders and circumcision Surgical referrals for foreskin problems are common in early childhood, and reassurance is often all that is needed after taking a careful history and examination. The foreskin, or prepuce, is a highly innervated, ...

URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION

UROLITHIASIS The prevalence of urolithiasis in children varies from around 1–5% in Asia, 5–10% in Europe to 15% in North America. Investigations include serum electrolytes, urinalysis, urine culture and stone analysis. Common metabolic risk factors include hi...