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Ureteropelvic junction obstruction Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, also often called pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, describes an incom plete and intermittent reduction in urine flow from the kidney to the proximal ureter and occurs in 1 in ...

Ureterovesical junction obstruction/ megaureters Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction is the second most common cause of antenatal hydronephrosis and arises from an adynamic and stenotic region obstructing the distal ureter near the bladder ( Figure 20...

Vesicoureteral reflux V esicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tracts. Primary VUR occurs because of a congenitally short intravesical ureter, resulting in inadequate closure of the UVJ during bladder c...

ARRANGING AN ELECTIVE THEATRE LIST The date, place and time of operation should be matched with the availability of appropriately skilled personnel. Appropriate equipment and instruments should be made available. The operating list should be distributed as e...

ASSESSMENT OF RISK Despite more comorbid patients presenting for surgery , the perioperative mortality has decreased significantly over the last half century , especially in resource-rich countries. In a published systematic review in The Lancet by Bainbridge ...

Airway assessment The di ffi culty encountered when performing airway manoeu - vres, i.e. hand ventilation, intubation and front of neck access, can be predicted to some extent by simple examination. Failure to assess and plan airway management can have fatal co...

COMMON PREOPERATIVE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT Specific medical problems encountered during preoperative assessment should be corrected to the best possible level. Many patients with severe disease will need to be referred to special - ists; the referral letter ...

CONSENT Consent is a key part of preoperative care. The process of consent has evolved over the years and, in the UK, is deter - mined by relevant Acts of Parliament, legal judgement and in detail in Chapter 14 . CONSENT Consent is a key part of preoperativ...

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing CPET is the gold standard measurement of a patient’s fitness. The oxygen consumption (VO ) and carbon dioxide produc 2 tion (VCO ) of the patient are measured while they undergo 2 a 10-minute period of incrementally demanding ...