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Thoracic spine Pathology commonly presents with pain and deformity . The thoracic spine is normally convex with a gentle kyphosis (normal range 20–45°).

Thumb and thenar eminence /uni25CF Abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis can be tested together by oppos - ing the thumb to the little finger. (b) Figure 35.11 (a) Tinel’s test; (b) Phalen’s test. Figure 35.12 Palpating the anato...

Tibialis anterior Ask the patient to walk on their heels with their feet inverted; the tibialis anterior tendon can be seen. With the patient’s feet resting over the edge of the couch, ask the patient to actively dorsiflex and invert their foot to reach your h...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful for and wish to acknowledge the contribution of Dylan Rakowski MD in the preparation of this chapter. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful for and wish to acknowledge the contribution of Dylan Rakowski MD in the p...

American football This contact sport produces a variety of unique injuries, the main ones of which are closed head injuries, fractures, hip dislocations, twisting injuries to the knees and ankles leading to ligament tears, and turf toe. American football Th...

Ankle Low ankle sprains Background Ankle sprains are a common injury that can prevent athletes from competing. These injuries are prevalent in sports that involve cutting actions or uneven surfaces while running, such as basketball, rugby , soccer, football an...

Ballet dancing Ballet dancers have problems with posterior impingement of the ankle and tendinopathy of the flexor hallucis longus tendon when working en pointe (tiptoe). Stress fractures are also found in female dancers as a result of repetitive training an...

COMMONL Y ENCOUNTERED REGIONAL INJURIES Shoulder Shoulder instability and rotator cuff tear Background Shoulder injuries a ff ect athletes of all ages; however, the distribution of shoulder injuries varies between young and Rudolph Grashey , 1876–1950, Profes...

DIAGNOSIS OF SPORTS INJURIES Within the history , there are some additional questions that need to be asked when treating a patient with a sports injury: /uni25CF How was the injury sustained? /uni25CF When was the injury sustained? /uni25CF What intervention(...