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ELBOW The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the ulna and radius with the humerus.

Extensors and flexors Asking the patient to grip two of your fingers in their fist tests the power of the extensors of the wrist (radial nerve) because Jules Froment , 1878–1946, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Lyons, France. they are needed to brace the wris...

FURTHER READING Beighton PH, Horan F . Orthopedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1969; 51-B : 444–53. Ellenbecker TS, Nirschl R, Renstrom P . Current concepts in examination and treatment of elbow tendon injury . Sports Health 2013; ...

Feel Ask the patient if they have any areas of tenderness. Ensure that you do not cause the patient pain – watch their face as you feel. It may be easier (especially with children) to feel the normal side first. tion in Pyrford, UK, which became international...

Finger flexors ). /uni25CF Superficialis tendon test . The flexor digitorum pro - fundus (FDP) usually has one muscle belly from which tendons to all of the fingers arise. The FDP can be immo - bilised by holding all of the fingers (except the one being ws the su...

Flat foot flexibility Use the windlass and Jack’s tests to distinguish a flexible from a fixed flat foot ( Figure 35.40 ). /uni25CF Windlass test . Ask the patient to stand on their toes and observe the arch of the foot on the medial aspect. As soon as the patien...

General principles Apley described a useful and systematic approach to clinical examination. This approach is divided into three parts: 1 look; 2 feel; 3 move.

HISTORY Introduction /uni25CF Ensure you have followed appropriate hand hygiene guid ance. /uni25CF Introduce yourself and check the patient’s name and date of birth. /uni25CF Request presence of a chaperone as appropriate. /uni25CF Explain what you are goi...

Impingement syndrome This is impairment of rotator cu ff function within the subacromial bursa. It may lead to inflammation (tendinitis) or a partial- or full-thickness tear. Impingement is characterised by pain and weakness on abduction and internal rotation. ...