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Lymphatics The subserosal and submucosal lymphatic vessels of the gall bladder drain into the cy...

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is...

Malignant tumours of the bile duct Summary box 71.7 Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) /uni25C...

Late symptoms after cholecystectomy In up to 15% of patients, cholecystectomy fails to relieve t...

Learning objectives To understand the surgical anatomy and physiology of the • gallbladder and bi...

Low insertion of the cystic duct The operating surgeon must identify variations in the anatomy ( ...

Immunoglobulin G4-related cholangitis This recently recognised entity presents with di ff use or s...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice for the maj...

Hydatid disease A large hydatid cyst may obstruct the hepatic ducts. Sometimes, - a cyst will rup...

IMAGING Plain radiographs A plain radiograph of the gallbladder will show radio-opaque stones in...

Imaging studies and biopsy Fasting USG is the gold standard when biliary atresia is suspected. A ...

Gallbladder polyps Polyps of the gallbladder are incidental findings during radiological imaging ...

Gallstone ileus Gallstone ileus is an infrequent complication (0.4%) of cholelithiasis, occurring...

Gallstones in pregnancy Acute cholecystitis is the second most common non-obstetric indication fo...

Floating gallbladder The gallbladder may hang on a mesentery , which makes it liable to undergo t...

Functions of the gallbladder The gallbladder is a reservoir for bile. During fasting, the resista...

GALLSTONES (CHOLELITHIASIS) Gallstones are the most common biliary pathology . It is estimated th...

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography This technique is now used only as a therapeutic m...

Endoscopic ultrasonography Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) utilises an endoscope with an ultraso...