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CHOLEDOCHAL CYST Choledochal cysts are congenital dilatations of the intra- and/ or extrahepatic...

CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS Embryology The hepatic diverticulum ar...

Bile duct injuries About 15% of injuries to the bile ducts are recognised at the time of operat...

Blood supply to the bile ducts The supraduodenal CBD is supplied by the left and right choledocha...

CHOLECYSTECTOMY Preparation for operation After appropriate history taking and assessment of th...

Absence of the gallbladder Rarely , the gallbladder is absent; failure to visualise it should not...

Accessory cholecystohepatic duct Ducts passing directly into the gallbladder from the liver are n...

BILIARY TRACT Biliary ascariasis The roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides commonly infests the intestin...

Absence of the cystic duct This ‘anomaly’ is usually pathological, indicating the recent passage ...

Technique of open splenectomy Most surgeons use a midline or transverse left subcostal incision f...

Tropical splenomegaly Massive splenic enlargement frequently occurs in the tropics from malaria, ...

Tuberculosis The diagnosis of tuberculosis should be considered in young adults with splenomegal...

Splenic infarction This condition commonly occurs in patients with a massively enlarged spleen fr...

Splenic rupture due to trauma The spleen is the most commonly injured intra-abdominal organ follo...

Technique of laparoscopic

SPLENOMEGAL Y AND HYPERSPLENISM Splenomegaly is a common feature of many disease processes, altho...

Schistosomiasis This condition is prevalent in Africa, Asia and South America. It is caused by in...

Splenic abscess Splenic abscess may arise from an infected splenic embolus or in association with...

Rupture of a malarial spleen In tropical countries, rupture of a spleen enlarged as a result of ...

SPLENECTOMY The common indications for splenectomy are: - /uni25CF trauma resulting from an accid...