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Malignant The most important epithelial tumour is squamous cell carci noma, which constitutes app...

Laryngeal papillomata These are rare benign tumours occurring mainly in children but can also pre...

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) Croup is usually of slower onset than acute epiglottitis and oc...

LARYNGEAL DISEASE CAUSING LARYNGEAL DISEASE CAUSING

LUMP IN THE NECK On presentation, a careful history and examination are essential. The clinical s...

Laryngeal mask airway The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a wide-bore airway with an inflatable cu ...

INVESTIGATION OF THE PHARYNX, LARYNX AND NECK Plain lateral radiographs Plain lateral radiographs...

INVESTIGATION OF THE PHARYNX, LARYNX AND NECK Plain lateral radiographs Plain lateral radiographs...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Hypopharynx The superior border of the hypopharynx is at the level of the laryngeal inlet. Its ...

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE NECK Ludwig’s angina Ludwig described a clinical entity characteri...

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE NECK Ludwig’s angina Ludwig described a clinical entity characteri...

Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) This systemic condition is usually caused by EBV , but...

HYPOPHARYNX Tumours of the hypopharynx Benign Benign tumours of the hypopharynx are very rare, t...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can a ff ect the ear, n...

Fibreoptic endotracheal intubation In most emergency situations, endotracheal intubation is the m...

Fine-needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy This is the investigation of choice when attempt...

Foreign bodies Both children and adults may inhale foreign bodies. Y oung children will attempt t...

Elective tracheostomy The advantage of an elective surgical procedure is that there is complete ...

Emergency tracheostomy If a skilled anaesthetist is unavailable, local anaesthesia is employed, ...