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Wounds above the hyoid bone The cavity of the mouth or pharynx may have been entered and the epi...

Wounds of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage Blunt crushing injuries or severe laceration injuries...

Vocal fold palsy This may be unilateral or bilateral ( Figure 52.55 ). Unilateral cord palsy is m...

Vocal fold polyps These are usually unilateral and may be associated with an acute infective epis...

Voice rehabilitation The loss of the larynx as a generator of sound does not prevent patients s...

Tumours of the oropharynx mal Benign Benign tumours of the oropharynx are rare, papillomas being...

VOICE DISORDERS Vocal nodules These are fibrous thickenings of the vocal folds at the junction - ...

Vagal body tumours Vagal paragangliomas arise from nests of paraganglionic tissue of the vagus n...

Tuberculous adenitis This condition most commonly a ff ects children or young adults but can occur...

Tumours of the larynx Benign tumours of the larynx are extremely rare. Squamous cell carcinoma i...

Tumours of the nasopharynx Benign There are two main types of benign tumours of the nasophar yn...

Tracheostomy tubes Most modern tracheostomy tubes are made of plastic ( Figure 52.46 ). Tubes o...

Transtracheal ventilation This technique is simple and e ff ective and allows ventilation for peri...

Treatment Treatment must include excision of the whole thyroglossal tract, which involves remova...

TRAUMA TO THE NECK The management of penetrating neck trauma depends on the structures that have...

Thoracic duct injury Wounds to the thoracic duct are usually iatrogenic and usually left sided, o...

Thyroglossal duct cysts Embryology The thyroid gland descends early in fetal life from the base o...

Sideropenic dysphagia Prolonged iron deficiency anaemia may lead to dysphagia, particularly in mid...

Stridor in children Infants and children presenting with stridor need careful assessment with a f...

TRACHEOSTOMY AND OTHER EMERGENCY AIRWA Y MEASURES This procedure relieves airway obstruction or p...