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Special tests and diagnoses Special tests and diagnoses

Special tests /uni25CF Trendelenburg test ( Figure 35.29 ). Face the patient and ask them to plac...

Subtalar joint ( Figures 35.38 and 35.39 ) Hold the talar neck and ask the patient to move their ...

SPINE The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae with 23 interver tebral discs. This is supporte...

Snapping hip Snapping hip is a condition in which the patient feels a snap ping sensation or hear...

Special tests Achilles tendon Feel the gastrocnemius and soleus bellies and the whole length of ...

Move There are three stages to assessing movement. The words used to describe a particular moveme...

Neurological Focus your examination on the C5 to T1 nerve roots. These supply the upper extremiti...

Midtarsal joint Hold the heel with one hand and move the forefoot medially - (adduction = 20°) an...

Look The inspection begins as soon as you enter the examination room. Look for any walking aids. ...

Lumbar spine Examination should include the pelvis, hips, lower limbs, gait and peripheral vascul...

Metatarsophalangeal joint Test extension (70–90°) by asking the patient to lift the toes to the c...

Impingement syndrome This is impairment of rotator cu ff function within the subacromial bursa. I...

INTRODUCTION The components of the musculoskeletal (MSK) system include the bones, joints, ligam...

Learning objectives To understand how to: Take a comprehensive musculoskeletal history • Perform ...

Flat foot flexibility Use the windlass and Jack’s tests to distinguish a flexible from a fixed flat f...

General principles Apley described a useful and systematic approach to clinical examination. This...

HISTORY Introduction /uni25CF Ensure you have followed appropriate hand hygiene guid ance. /uni25...

FURTHER READING Beighton PH, Horan F . Orthopedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Bone ...

Feel Ask the patient if they have any areas of tenderness. Ensure that you do not cause the pat...