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ELBOW The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the ulna and radius with the hume...

Extensors and flexors Asking the patient to grip two of your fingers in their fist tests the power ...

FURTHER READING Beighton PH, Horan F . Orthopedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Bone ...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE The knee is a synovial hinged joint. There are three compart - m...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SHOULDER Pain arising from the shoulder joint may be felt anterolater...

Cervical spine Look Ensure that the shoulders, back muscles and scapulae can be seen. Look for mu...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE The foot can be divided into three parts: the hindfoot...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HAND AND WRIST The hand and wrist should be thought of as one functio...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HIP JOINT The hip is a synovium-lined ball-and-socket joint. Typical ...

Ankle stability Trauma to the ankle is a common cause of instability . Accurate assessment may b...

Anterior cruciate ligament The most sensitive test for evaluation of the ACL is the Lachman test...

Assessment of joint hypermobility Increased movement and flexibility of a joint can often cause j...

Ankle ( Figure 35.37 ) /uni25CF Dorsiflexion . Test dorsiflexion with the knee both flexed and exten...

Tibialis anterior Ask the patient to walk on their heels with their feet inverted; the tibialis a...

Tarsometatarsal joint Hold the midfoot and manipulate each metatarsal up and down to estimate the...

Thoracic spine Pathology commonly presents with pain and deformity . The thoracic spine is normal...

Thumb and thenar eminence /uni25CF Abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and flexor pollicis...

Subtalar joint flexibility Ask the patient to stand on their toes and observe the heel from behind...

Take a history /uni25CF Presenting complaint . Start with an open-ended question. Ask the patient...

Tarsometatarsal joint stability Stability can be assessed by pushing each joint up and down. Stan...