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Metaphyseal fractures In the AO classification metaphyseal fractures are classified into A type – e...

Olecranon fractures Olecranon fractures may be displaced or undisplaced. Undisplaced fractures wi...

INTRODUCTION In several chapters the importance of life-threatening trauma is emphasised, but nu...

Investigations The mainstay of extremity trauma investigation remains radi - ography of the a ...

Lateral condylar mass fracture of the elbow Lateral condylar mass fractures of the elbow are eas...

Humeral fractures Fractures of the diaphyseal portion of the humeral shaft are extra-articular ...

Intra-articular fractures AO type B and type C fractures are intra-articular and as such the prin...

Intracapsular femoral neck fractures Intracapsular fractures are further broken down into whether...

Heal Time to fracture healing depends on several factors: patient comorbidities, the age of the ...

History It is important to ascertain the mechanism of injury and the amount of force involved in...

Hold If the fracture fragments are in an acceptable position, or have been reduced into an accep...

Femoral shaft fractures It is possible to treat diaphyseal fractures of the femoral shaft non-op...

Forearm fractures (radius and ulna) Fractures of the diaphyseal shaft of the radius and ulna ar...

Fractures of the proximal humerus In fractures of the proximal humerus consideration is given to ...

Examination An initial general examination, including vital signs and general assessment, should ...

FRACTURE HEALING It is useful to review fracture healing, as it relates to treatment and outcome....

FURTHER READING Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse M. Apley’s system of orthopaedics and fractures , ...

Distal femoral fractures Metaphyseal osteoporotic fractures of the distal femur are amenable to ...

Distal humerus (supracondylar fracture) Supracondylar humeral fractures are very common injuries ...

Distal radial fractures Extra-articular (type A) fractures of the distal radius may displace in a...