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Examination Primary survey The primary survey is aimed at protection of the airway , control of ...

FURTHER READING Brennan PA, Schliephake H, Ghali GE, Cascarini L. Maxillofacial surgery , 3rd edn...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT History The history should include the mechanism of injury , past medical his...

Dental injuries The first permanent teeth usually erupt around the age of 6 /uni00A0 years; usuall...

EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT Maxillofacial injuries that require hospital attendance are c...

CLASSIFICATION OF FACIAL INJURIES Bony injury Maxillofacial bone fractures can be divided into se...

cord injury Pressure ulcers Many are preventable. Patients should be turned regularly on an appro...

Subaxial cervical spine (C3–C7) The pattern of lower cervical spine injury depends on the mechan...

The secondary injury Haemorrhage, oedema and ischaemia result in a biochemical cascade that cause...

Thoracic and thoracolumbar fractures The system developed by the AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Oste...

Spinal examination The overlying skin should be inspected (e.g. for possible penetrating wounds) ...

Spinal neuroanatomy The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1/ L2 level, where i...

Spinal stability Spinal stability is the ability of the spine to withstand phys iological loads ...

Regional variations Upper cervical spine anatomy is designed to facilitate motion ( Figure 30.3 )...

SPECIFIC SPINAL INJURIES Upper cervical spine (skull–C2) Occipital condyle fracture This is a rel...

SPECIFIC SPINAL INJURIES Upper cervical spine (skull–C2) Occipital condyle fracture This is a rel...

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Initial assessment The primary survey always takes precedence, followed by a...

Prognosis of spinal cord injury Despite continuing improvements in patient care, life expec - tan...

RIGHT Light Touch (LTR) Pin Prick (PPR) C2 C3 C4 C3 Elbow flexors C5 Wrist extensors UER C6 (Upp...