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Genitourinary disease Renal failure Underlying conditions leading to chronic renal failure such a...

Heart failure Left ventricular failure is the end result of several conditions, including IHD, h...

Examination Patients should be treated with respect and dignity , receive a clear explanation of ...

FURTHER READING Bainbridge D, Martin J, Arango M, Cheng D; for the Evidence-based Peri-operative ...

Factors contributing to risk Risk is a complex interaction of multiple factors that can be class...

Dysrhythmias In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), β -blockers, digoxin or calcium channel bl...

EMERGENCY SURGERY In emergency surgery the principles of preoperative assessment should be the s...

Endocrine and metabolic disorders Malnutrition Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divid...

Cerebral vascular disease Patients who have su ff ered a cerebrovascular accident have been shown ...

Choosing the right operation for the high-risk patient There are situations in which the selectio...

Drug-eluting coronary stents (DES) Primary percutaneous intervention is the treatment of choice ...

CONSENT Consent is a key part of preoperative care. The process of consent has evolved over the ...

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing CPET is the gold standard measurement of a patient’s fitness. The...

Cardiovascular disease Perioperative cardiovascular complications are frequent. Patients who can ...

ASSESSMENT OF RISK Despite more comorbid patients presenting for surgery , the perioperative mort...

Airway assessment The di ffi culty encountered when performing airway manoeu - vres, i.e. hand vent...

COMMON PREOPERATIVE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT Specific medical problems encountered during preopera...

ARRANGING AN ELECTIVE THEATRE LIST The date, place and time of operation should be matched with ...

Valvular heart disease While anaesthetic management is altered to achieve haemo dynamic stability...

Risk prediction The key to managing patients e ff ectively is the identification and accurate quant...