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INTRODUCTION Paediatric urologists are paediatric surgeons who subspecialise in the conditions ou...

Learning objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the indications for ...

EMBRYOLOGY Four areas of developmental biology are relevant: (i) the two stages of testicular d...

Epispadias/bladder exstrophy Epispadias is a rare dorsal penile defect with an opening whose uppe...

Hypospadias The genital tubercle becomes a penis under the influence of androgens with a tubula...

Antenatal fetal hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis /uni00A0 – /uni00A0 a dilated renal pelvis /uni00A0...

DISORDERS OR DIFFERENCES IN SEX DIFFERENTIATION Some, but not all, children with abnormalities of...

TRANSFUSION The transfusion of blood and blood products has become commonplace since the first su...

Transfusion reactions If antibodies present in the recipient’s serum are incompatible with the d...

Vasopressor and inotropic support Vasopressor or inotropic therapy is not indicated as first-line ...

Recognition and diagnosis of shock Shock may be profound and easily recognised or it may be - sub...

SHOCK RESUSCITATION Immediate resuscitation manoeuvres for patients presenting in - shock are t...

SHOCK Shock is a systemic state of low tissue perfusion that is inade quate for normal cellular ...

Learning objectives To understand: The pathophysiology of shock • The different patterns of shock...

Monitoring The minimum standard for monitoring of the patient in shock is continuous heart rate ...

Pathophysiology Cellular As perfusion to the tissues is reduced, cells are deprived of oxygen and...

Identify haemorrhage External haemorrhage may be obvious, but the diagnosis of concealed haemorrh...

Indications for blood transfusion Blood transfusions should be avoided if possible, and many pre...

INTRODUCTION Shock is the most common cause of death of surgical patients. Death may occur rapi...

FURTHER READING Cole E, Weaver A, Gall L et al . A decade of damage control resusci - tation: ...