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Dysrhythmias In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), β -blockers, digoxin or calcium channel bl...

EMERGENCY SURGERY In emergency surgery the principles of preoperative assessment should be the s...

Cardiovascular disease Perioperative cardiovascular complications are frequent. Patients who can ...

Cerebral vascular disease Patients who have su ff ered a cerebrovascular accident have been shown ...

Choosing the right operation for the high-risk patient There are situations in which the selectio...

COMMON PREOPERATIVE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT Specific medical problems encountered during preoper...

CONSENT Consent is a key part of preoperative care. The process of consent has evolved over the ...

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing CPET is the gold standard measurement of a patient’s fitness. The...

ARRANGING AN ELECTIVE THEATRE LIST The date, place and time of operation should be matched with ...

ASSESSMENT OF RISK Despite more comorbid patients presenting for surgery , the perioperative mort...

Airway assessment The di ffi culty encountered when performing airway manoeu - vres, i.e. hand vent...

Ureterovesical junction obstruction/ megaureters Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction is t...

Vesicoureteral reflux V esicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder...

URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION

UROLITHIASIS The prevalence of urolithiasis in children varies from around 1–5% in Asia, 5–10% i...

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, also often called pe...

Posterior urethral valves PUVs are membranous folds that obstruct the lumen of the posterior uret...

Radioisotope renal imaging 99m The metastable radioisotope Tc emits gamma rays during 99 an isome...

THE PENIS Foreskin disorders and circumcision Surgical referrals for foreskin problems are common...

NEUROPATHIC BLADDER A myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, fatty filum or an occult tethered co...