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HAEMORRHAGE RESUSCITATION The conduct and goals of resuscitation change depending on whether the...

HAEMORRHAGE Uncontrolled bleeding will lead to a hypovolaemic shock - state, or haemorrhagic shoc...

Degree of haemorrhage and classification The adult human has approximately 5 litres of blood (70 ...

Definitions Revealed and concealed haemorrhage Haemorrhage may be revealed or concealed. Revealed ...

End points of resuscitation It is much easier to know when to start resuscitation than when to st...

Conduct of resuscitation Resuscitation should not be delayed in order to definitively diagnose the...

Cross-matching To prevent transfusion reactions, all transfusions are preceded by ABO and rhesus ...

Damage control resuscitation Damage control resuscitation (DCR), also known as haemo - static res...

Classification of shock There are numerous ways to classify shock, but the most common and most cl...

Clinical consequences of shock Unresuscitatable shock Patients who are in profound shock for a pr...

Complications of blood transfusion Complications from blood transfusion can be categorised as tho...

Blood and blood products Blood is collected from donors who have been previously screened before ...

Blood groups and cross-matching Human red cells have on their cell surface many di ff erent - anti...

Blood substitutes Blood substitutes are an attractive alternative to the costly process of donat...

After haemorrhage control Once haemorrhage is controlled, patients should be defini - tively res...

Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) Cervical hyperextension can occur d...

THE PRIMARY SURVEY Injured children are assessed using the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) st...

Trauma-induced coagulopathy Tissue damage releases factors that encourage coagulation but acidosi...

SECONDARY SURVEY The secondary survey is performed after resuscitation and stabilisation. The his...

Specific considerations Spleen There is a risk of splenic pseudoaneurysm after splenic trauma, wh...