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Prevention There is much written on the evidence on the preventable causes of cancer. It is concluded that many cancers could be prevented if people ate sensibly , exercised more and avoided carcinogens such as cigarette smoke. Early identification of premali...

Principles of cancer surgery For most solid tumours, surgery remains the definitive treat - ment and the only realistic hope of cure. However, surgery has many roles in cancer treatment from diagnosis, prevention, removal of primary disease, removal of metasta...

Principles of combined treatment Non-surgical treatments are often used in combination. For example, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are often given together as an alternative to surgery , e.g. in the treatment of rectal, cervical, head and neck or brain cancers...

Principles underlying the non-surgical treatment of cancer Medical and clinical (radiation) oncology are rapidly changing fields. Both understanding of cancer and the technology avail - able are expanding at a rapid pace. Nevertheless, there are basic principl...

Principles underlying the non-surgical treatment of cancer Medical and clinical (radiation) oncology are rapidly changing fields. Both understanding of cancer and the technology avail - able are expanding at a rapid pace. Nevertheless, there are basic principl...

Screening Screening involves the detection of disease in an asymptomatic population in order to improve outcomes by early diagnosis of cancer at a curable stage. It follows that a successful screening programme must achieve early diagnosis and that the diseas...

Symptom control and palliative care The distinction between palliative and curative treatment is not always clear-cut and will become increasingly blurred as professional and public attitudes towards the management of cancer change. Twenty years ago cancer wa...

THE CAUSES OF CANCER The interplay between nature and nurture Both inheritance and environment are important determi nants of cancer development. Neither influence is completely dominant. The balance between genes and the environment is context specific and not...

THE CAUSES OF CANCER The interplay between nature and nurture Both inheritance and environment are important determi nants of cancer development. Neither influence is completely dominant. The balance between genes and the environment is context specific and not...