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Special stains A ‘special stain’ is a stain that is not routine, i.e. not an H&E stain. Immunohistochemical stains are conventionally separate from this category . Some special stains demonstrate normal substances in increased quantities or in abnormal locatio...

Specimen adequacy There are many reasons for an inadequate specimen. The operator may fail to sample the target organ or lesion or may take a sample that is too small to include or reveal a hetero geneous abnormality . A sample from the centre of a necrotic or...

Storage Resection specimens are generally stored for about 4–6 weeks. Tissue blocks and slides are retained for as long as space George Nicholas Papanicolaou , 1883–1962, Professor of Anatomy , Cornell University , New Y ork, NY , USA. Richard May , 1863–1936...

TISSUE SPECIMENS Routine tissue specimens received by a histopathology depart - ment include those intended for histopathological analysis and those for cytopathological assessment. These may overlap, and ‘cytology’ preparations sometimes undergo reprocessing ...

Cancer staging It is not su ffi cient simply to know what and where a cancer is; its extent must also be known. If it is localised, then locoregional treatments such as surgery and radiation therapy may be curative. If the disease is widespread then, although ...

End-of-life care End-of-life care is distinct from palliative care. Patients treated - palliatively may survive for many years; end-of-life care concerns the last few months of a patient’s life. Many issues, such as symptom control, are common to both palliati...

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Learning objectives To understand: The biological nature of cancer • That curative treatment is only one component in the • overall management of cancer The principles of cancer prevention, early detection and • screening The principles underlying non-surgical...

Oncological emergencies There are a limited number of true emergencies in oncology . Those that require immediate recognition and management are: /uni25CF Cord compression : rapid diagnosis and management to relieve pressure on the spinal cord is essential to...