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Immunohistochemistry: tumour pathology Immunohistochemistry has multiple applications in tumour pathology , including elucidation of site of origin and determi nation of cell type/direction of di ff erentiation. Immunohisto chemistry may also help to confirm...

Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemistry emerged in the 1970s and has had a major impact on histopathological diagnosis. The technique detects a specific antigen using an antibody . The antibody is ). labelled with a dye and after binding to its target antigen...

INTRODUCTION Pre-nineteenth century tissue diagnosis depended on naked eye examination of autopsy material and of a small selection of surgical specimens. The development of the light micro scope allowed closer examination of tissue from autopsies and surgi...

Learning objectives To understand: The value and limitations of tissue diagnosis • Approaches to tissue processing • Learning objectives To understand: The value and limitations of tissue diagnosis • Approaches to tissue processing • Learning objectives To und...

Microscopic features of inflammation Acute inflammation is characterised histologically by neutro - phils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), erosion or ulceration ( Figure 11.18 ) and chronic inflammation by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Other inflammatory cells incl...

Mismatch repair gene abnormalities in tumours High levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H), also known as deficient mismatch repair (D-MMR), occur as a result of germ line mutations or acquired somatic events in the MMR genes ( MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 ...

Molecular changes and drug therapy An increasingly common reason for molecular testing and related immunohistochemistry is the prediction of the response of advanced malignant tumours to specific drugs whose target is usually known (‘theranostics’). For examp...

Molecular profile: examples of specific tumours Colorectal carcinoma In CRC, the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab are used in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic disease. These drugs are less likely to be e ff ective if KRAS or N...

Non-neoplastic and inflammatory conditions The diagnosis, assessment and management of non-neoplastic disease generates numerous pathology specimens. Examples include appendectomy for appendicitis, cholecystectomy for gallstone disease, hysterectomy for fibroid...