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Thomas A. Traill 16.11 Cardiac involvement in genetic disease 3551 Thomas A. Traill ESSENTIALS Many clinicians find themselves faced, from time to time, with a pa- tient who has a family history of a known disorder, such as Marfan syndrome, or who has non​card...

disease 3509 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever 3509 Jonathan R. Carapetis 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease CONTENTS 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever  3509 Jonathan R. Carapetis 16.9.2 Endocarditis  3519 James L. Harrison, John L. Klein, William A. Littl...

17.1 The seriously ill or deteriorating patient 3829 Carole Foot and Liz Hickson ESSENTIALS The first step in the clinical approach to a patient who is very ill is the recognition of this fact. While experienced clinicians will intuitively recognize a seriousl...

17.10 Palliative and end- of- life care in the ICU 3914 Phillip D. Levin and Charles L. Sprung ESSENTIALS What happens when organ support leads to prolongation of life, but with no hope of ultimate survival, or survival with unacceptable quality of life? For m...

17.11 Diagnosis of death and organ donation 3918 Paul Murphy ESSENTIALS Death is the permanent loss of the capacity for consciousness and respiration, both of which are functions of the brain-​stem. Death can be diagnosed by somatic, circulatory, or neurologic...

17.12 Persistent problems and recovery after critical illness 3925 Mark E. Mikkelsen and Theodore J. Iwashyna ESSENTIALS Post-​intensive care syndrome is defined as new or worsening impair- ment in cognition, mental health, or physical function that persists a...

17.2 Cardiac arrest 3839 Gavin D. Perkins, Jasmeet Soar, Jerry P. Nolan, and David A. Gabbott ESSENTIALS Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest, which causes over 60% of adult coronary heart disease deaths. Most cardiac arrest...

17.3 Anaphylaxis 3849 Anthony F.T. Brown ESSENTIALS The term anaphylaxis describes both IgE immune-​mediated re- actions, plus non-​IgE immune-​mediated, and non​allergic, non-​ immunologically triggered events. Comorbidities such as asthma or infection, exerc...

17.4 Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgery 3860 Tom Abbott and Rupert Pearse ESSENTIALS The assessment of patients before surgery is complex. However, since surgery is offered to increasing numbers of patients with mul- tip...

17.5 Acute respiratory failure 3867 Susannah Leaver, Jeremy Cordingley, Simon Finney, and Mark Griffiths ESSENTIALS Acute respiratory failure Acute respiratory failure is defined clinically by hypoxaemia (Pao2 <8 kPa, normal range 10–​13.3 kPa) with (type 2) o...

17.6 Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill 3881 Michael R. Pinsky ESSENTIALS Cardiovascular dysfunction is common in critically ill patients and is the primary cause of death in a vast array of illnesses. The prompt identification and diagn...

17.7 Management of raised intracranial pressure 3892 David K. Menon ESSENTIALS Normal intracranial pressure is between 5 and 15 mm Hg in supine subjects. Intracranial hypertension (ICP >20 mm Hg) is common in many central nervous system diseases and in fatal c...

17.8 Sedation and analgesia in the ICU 3898 Michael C. Reade ESSENTIALS Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation or other forms of inva- sive organ support in an intensive care unit should ideally be free of pain, anxiety, and delirium, sufficiently cooperat...

chronic critical illness 3906 Eva Boonen and Greet Van den Berghe ESSENTIALS Critical illness, an extreme form of severe physical stress, is charac- terized by important endocrine and metabolic changes. The devel- opment of critical care medicine has made poss...

18.1 Structure and function 3933 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract 3933 Pallav L. Shah, J.R. Stradling, and S.E. Craig CONTENTS 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract  3933 Pallav L. Shah, J.R. Stradling, and S.E. Craig 18.1.2 Airways and alveoli  3937 Peter D....

18.1.2 Airways and alveoli 3937 Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah 18.1.2  Airways and alveoli 3937 capacity, thus preventing atelectasis. In adults there is no good evi- dence that the rate of expiration is underactive laryngeal control, but this mechanism ma...

18.10 Cystic fibrosis 4151 Andrew Bush and Caroline Elston ESSENTIALS Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessively inherited disease caused by muta- tions in the cystic fibrosis gene, located on the long arm of chromo- some 7, which codes for a membrane protein—​the ...

18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases 4166 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction 4166 F. Teo and A.U. Wells CONTENTS 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction  4166 F. Teo and A.U. Wells 18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibr...