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21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasis 4748 John D. Firth CONTENTS 21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis  4729 Michael L. Moritz and Juan Carlos Ayus 21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasis  4748 John D. Firth 21.2.1  Disorders of water and s...

21.3 Clinical presentation of renal disease 4764 Richard E. Fielding and Ken Farrington ESSENTIALS Renal disease may present in many ways, including (1) the screening of asymptomatic individuals; (2)  with symptoms and signs re- sulting from renal dysfunction;...

21.4 Clinical investigation of renal disease 4781 Andrew Davenport ESSENTIALS An accurate history and careful examination will determine the sequence and spectrum of clinical investigations required to make a diagnosis or decide on prognosis or treatment. Exam...

21.5 Acute kidney injury 4807 John D. Firth ESSENTIALS Definition—​for practical clinical purposes, acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a significant decline in renal excretory function occurring over hours or days, detected by either a fall in urinary out...

21.6 Chronic kidney disease 4830 Alastair Hutchison ESSENTIALS Definition Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as kidney damage lasting for more than 3 months characterized by structural or functional abnor- malities of the kidney, with or without decreased...

21.7 Renal replacement therapy 4861 21.7.1 Haemodialysis 4861 CONTENTS 21.7.1 Haemodialysis  4861 Robert Mactier 21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis  4874 Simon Davies 21.7.3 Renal transplantation  4879 Nicholas Torpey and John D. Firth 21.7.1  Haemodialysis Robert ...

21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis 4874 Simon Davies section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4874 Macleod AM, et al. (2005). Cellulose, modified cellulose and synthetic membranes in the haemodialysis of patients with end-​stage renal disease. Cochrane Da...

21.7.3 Renal transplantation 4879 Nicholas Torpey and John D. Firth 21.7.3  Renal transplantation 4879 van de Luijtgaarden, et al. (2013). Global differences in dialysis mo- dality mix: the role of patient characteristics, macroeconomics and renal service indi...

21.8 Glomerular diseases 4909 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP) 4909 CONTENTS 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP)   4909 Jonathan Barratt and John Feehally 21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathy  4918 Peter Topha...

21.8.3 Minimal- change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 4919 Moin Saleem and Lisa Willcocks 21.8.3  Minimal-change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 4919 also be sporadic. Persistent nonvisible haematuria is usually lifelong,...

21.8.4 Membranous nephropathy 4928 An S. De Vriese and Fernando C. Fervenza section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4928 FURTHER READING Braun N, et al. (2008). Immunosuppressive treatment for focal seg- mental glomerulosclerosis in adults. Cochr...

21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritis 4933 Alan D. Salama and Mark A. Little 21.8.5  Proliferative glomerulonephritis 4933 co-​trimoxazole) should be considered in these patients. Routine prophylaxis against gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking cor- ...

21.8.6 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 4937 Tabitha Turner- Stokes and Mark A. Little 21.8.6  Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 4937 Oliveira DB (1997). Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: getting to know an old enemy. Clin Exp Immunol, 107, ...

21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease 4943 Mårten Segelmark and Thomas Hellmark 21.8.7  Antiglomerular basement membrane disease 4943 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hepatitis C in Chronic...

21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases 4951 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis 4951 Simon D. Roger CONTENTS 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis  4951 Simon D. Roger 21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis  4956 Marc E. De Broe, Channa Yamasumana, Patrick C. D...

21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis 4956 Marc E. De Broe, Channa Yamasumana, Patrick C. D’Haese, Monique M. Elseviers, and Benjamin Vervaet section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4956 González E, et  al. (2008). Early steroid treatment i...

A multiple risk factor approach

AAV with anti- GBM disease