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Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis 5093 Christopher Pugh, Elaine M. Worcester, Andrew P. Evan,

Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling Nine V.A.M. Knoers and Elena N. Levtchenko

Do drugs that block the renin– angiotensin systemprevent or only delay the development of nephropathy?Can they reverse established nephropathy?

Drugs and the kidney 5150 Aine Burns and Caroline Ashley ESSENTIALS Musculoskeletal symptoms can occur in a variety of diseases, or as drug side effects. Presentations and conditions discussed in this section include: Multisystem diseases—​adult-​onset Still’s...

ESSENTIALS section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 5012 Systemic sclerosis DeMarco PJ, et  al. (2002). Predictors and outcome of scleroderma renal crisis: the high-​dose versus low-​dose D-​penicillamine in early diffuse systemic sclerosis trial....

Environment and drugs

Epidemiology

FURTHER READING section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4986 be made with some confidence, although the evidence base for bene- ficial intervention at lower levels of albuminuria is not secure. Current recommendations from national diabetes assoc...

Fig. 21.10.1.1 Schematic of a glomerulus. In diabetes, there is relativeafferent arteriolar dilatation and angiotensin II- induced efferent arteriolarconstriction. This leads to increased glomerular capillary flow andpressure resulting in elevated GFR (hyperfi...

Fig. 21.10.1.2 (a) Glomerulus from patient with type 1 diabetes andseverely increased albuminuria (haematoxylin and eosin stain). Noteafferent (A) and efferent (E) arteriolar hyalinosis, thickened and splitBowman’s capsule (B), and mesangial expansion (M). (b)...

Fig. 21.10.1.4 Annual transition rates and 95% confidence interval through stages of nephropathy in 5097 newlydiagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in the UKPDS.

Fig. 21.10.2.1 Glomerular histology of ANCA- associated vasculitis. (a) A glomerulus showing focal necrosiswith an early crescentic reaction (arrow). (b) Glomerular macrophage infiltration (brown) illustrated by CD68staining. (c) Severe glomerular involvement ...

Fig. 21.10.2.2 Magnetic resonance angiogram demonstrating bilateralrenal artery stenosis (arrows) in a patient with Takayasu’s arteritis. section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4992 ANCA-​associated vasculitis Following a prodromal phase of seve...

Foreword Foreword Professor Sir John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford In 1983, David Weatherall, John Ledingham, and David Warrell launched the first edition of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine. That era of medicine looked entirely diffe...

GFR

Genetics

Glycaemic control and blood pressure

Glycaemic control