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23.14 Tumours of the skin 5732 Edel O’Toole ESSENTIALS A variety of tumours, both benign and malignant, are found in skin. Benign skin lesions, such as seborrhoeic keratoses and skin tags, are often just a cosmetic nuisance, but some benign skin lesions can be...

23.15 Skin and systemic diseases 5743 Clive B. Archer and Charles M.G. Archer ESSENTIALS Dermatology is most interesting where it overlaps with general in- ternal medicine. Skin lesions can be part of a systemic disease (e.g. in sarcoidosis or systemic lupus e...

23.16 Cutaneous reactions to drugs 5752 Sarah Walsh, Daniel Creamer, and Haur Yueh Lee ESSENTIALS Adverse reactions to medications are common and important cause of iatrogenic illness. Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in- clude toxic epidermal necrolysi...

23.17 Management of skin disease 5761 Rod Sinclair ESSENTIALS Topical therapy employs a vehicle (ointments, creams, lotions, gels) to deliver an active ingredient to the skin, to provide a protective bar- rier, or to hydrate and moisturize the skin. There are ...

23.2 Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease 5596 Vanessa Venning ESSENTIALS As in most medical specialties, the diagnosis of skin disease relies on careful history taking, and a thorough examination, supported in some cases by appropriate investiga...

23.3 Inherited skin disease 5602 Thiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell ESSENTIALS Considerable advances in our understanding of inherited skin diseases have been made over the last decade as a result of high throughput sequencing technologies including nex...

23.5 Papulosquamous disease 5621 Christopher E.M. Griffiths ESSENTIALS Papulosquamous diseases are characterized by well-​demarcated areas of papules and scale, typically on an erythematous back- ground. The differential diagnosis includes psoriasis, lichen pl...

23.6 Dermatitis/ eczema 5630 Peter S. Friedmann, Michael J. Arden- Jones, and Roderick J. Hay ESSENTIALS Eczema is a characteristic pattern of skin inflammation that has many subtypes, with some induced by external factors such as ir- ritants or skin sensitize...

23.7 Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria 5639 Volha Shpadaruk and Karen E. Harman ESSENTIALS Vasculitis (angiitis) denotes necrotizing inflammation of the blood vessels; occlusive vasculopathy implies vascular occlusion without sign...

23.8 Disorders of pigmentation 5677 Eugene Healy ESSENTIALS Normal human skin colour results from the reflection of light from haemoglobin in blood, and carotenoids and melanin pigmenta- tion in skin. Melanin pigmentation is the major component for determining...

23.9 Photosensitivity 5688 Hiva Fassihi and Jane McGregor ESSENTIALS Normal human skin is photosensitive in that it reddens following acute sunlight exposure and tans and thickens following chronic sun- light exposure. Skin cancer, particularly non​melanoma sk...

Bullous pemphigoid ESSENTIALS Autoimmune bullous diseases of the skin are a heterogenous group of blistering diseases that affect the skin and/​or mucosal membranes. They are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and may present to several differ...

ESSENTIALS

Introduction

Subepidermal diseases

Table 23.4.1 Immunopathological characteristics of main autoimmune bullous diseases 23.4  Autoimmune bullous diseases 5613 and, in cases of extensive involvement, other differentials such as mucous membrane pemphigoid should be considered. Pemphigoid blisters ...

Thiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell 23.4 Autoimmune bullous diseases 5612 Kathy Taghipour and Fenella Wojnarowska

24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system 6010 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease 6010 J. van Gijn (revised by Peter M. Rothwell) 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system CONTENTS 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular...