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Acute necrotising sialometaplasia This usually occurs on the palate and primarily a ff ects the mi...

Benign tumours Pleomorphic adenoma These are the most common benign salivary gland tumours. They ...

CLINICAL ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands are three paired...

Tumour thickness and depth of invasion Tumour thickness is measured as the maximum vertical dimen...

T stage The size and extent of tumours are typically determined by thorough clinical examination...

The neck All levels of the neck must be palpated thoroughly , to assess for lymphadenopathy . Ho...

Tumour grade (differentiation) Often cited as an important prognosticator, the ‘WHO grade’ is bas...

Risk factors Tobacco, alcohol and betel quid (areca nut, catechu, slaked lime wrapped in a piper ...

STAGING Staging is required to document tumour size, location and disease extent, as well as to f...

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT Surgery , with adjuvant radiotherapy (or chemoradiotherapy) if indicated, rem...

REFERENCES 1 Coelho KR. Challenges of the oral cancer burden in India. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; ...

Reconstruction Reconstruction following tumour ablation is a key component in the management of O...

Regional variations Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in India, 1 with an age-adjuste...

Pattern of invasion The pattern of invasion refers to the shape of the advancing front or borde...

Perineural invasion While there is no clear consensus on the criteria for diagnos ing PNI, it is ...

Prognostic stage groupings The eighth edition AJCC stage groupings are outlined in Table 53.3 . -...

Oral cavity All sites in the oral cavity are examined under direct visual - isation. Table 53.4 d...

PATHOLOGY OF ORAL CANCERS The vast majority (>95%) of oral cavity cancers are squamous cell carc...

Patient selection As outlined previously , patients’ comorbidities and functional status as well ...

Molecular biology According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), alterations in p53 (83%) and CDKN2...