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Symptom control and palliative care The distinction between palliative and curative treatment is ...

THE CAUSES OF CANCER The interplay between nature and nurture Both inheritance and environment ar...

Principles of combined treatment Non-surgical treatments are often used in combination. For examp...

Principles underlying the non-surgical treatment of cancer Medical and clinical (radiation) oncol...

Principles underlying the non-surgical treatment of cancer Medical and clinical (radiation) oncol...

Oncological emergencies There are a limited number of true emergencies in oncology . Those that ...

Prevention There is much written on the evidence on the preventable causes of cancer. It is conc...

Principles of cancer surgery For most solid tumours, surgery remains the definitive treat - ment a...

End-of-life care End-of-life care is distinct from palliative care. Patients treated - palliative...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Learning objectives To understand: The biological nature of cancer • That curative treatment is o...

Cancer staging It is not su ffi cient simply to know what and where a cancer is; its extent must al...

TISSUE SPECIMENS Routine tissue specimens received by a histopathology depart - ment include thos...

Special stains A ‘special stain’ is a stain that is not routine, i.e. not an H&E stain. Immunohis...

Specimen adequacy There are many reasons for an inadequate specimen. The operator may fail to sam...

Storage Resection specimens are generally stored for about 4–6 weeks. Tissue blocks and slides ar...

REASONS FOR ASSESSMENT OF TISSUE The contributions that tissue analysis makes to clinical - manag...

RISK MANAGEMENT Safety and risk management are priorities in the labora - tory . The use of warn...

SPECIMEN PROCESSING SPECIMEN PROCESSING SPECIMEN PROCESSING

Polymerase chain reaction The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies DNA, yield ing millions of...