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AUTOPSY In the past, autopsies (postmortems) allowed physicians and scientists to improve their k...

Urinary catheter The requirement for a urinary catheter depends on the opera - tion. In shorter (...

surgery Arthroscopy was one of the earliest applications of endoscopic techniques, first being a...

THEATRE SET-UP AND TOOLS Operating theatre design is key to e ffi ciency . Modern theatres are desi...

Thoracoscopy A rigid endoscope is introduced through an incision placed - between the ribs to gai...

Uptake of robotic surgery Many surgical specialties have embraced robot-assisted techniques, incl...

Single-incision minimal access surgery Single-incision minimal access surgery has varied in pop...

Skin sutures If non-absorbable sutures or skin staples have been used, they can be removed from ...

THE FUTURE Minimal access surgery has changed surgical practice; however, it has not changed the ...

SURGICAL TRAUMA IN OPEN, MINIMALL Y INVASIVE AND ROBOTIC SURGERY Most of the trauma of an open pr...

SURGICAL TRAUMA IN OPEN, MINIMALL Y INVASIVE AND ROBOTIC SURGERY Most of the trauma of an open pr...

Shoulder tip pain Patients should be warned about this preoperatively and informed that the pain ...

Principles of electrosurgery during laparoscopic surgery Inadvertent electrosurgical injuries dur...

Principles of electrosurgery during laparoscopic surgery Inadvertent electrosurgical injuries dur...

ROBOTIC SURGERY A robot is a mechanical device that performs automated phys - ical tasks accordin...

Perivisceral endoscopy Body planes can be accessed even in the absence of a natural cavity . Exa...

Port site pain and numbness Pain in one or other of the port site wounds is not uncommon and is ...

Preparation of the patient Although the patient may be in hospital for a shorter period, - carefu...

Orogastric or nasogastric tube An orogastric or nasogastric tube may be placed for some abdominal...

PERIOPERATIVE PLANNING FOR MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY PERIOPERATIVE PLANNING FOR MINIMAL ACCESS SUR...