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8.4 Travel and expedition medicine 713 ESSENTIALS Tourists, business people, pilgrims, and visitors to friends and relatives are making increasing numbers of trips to tropical and developing parts of the world, where the risk and range of infectious and envir-...

8.5 Viruses 723

8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses 723 8.5 Viruses CONTENTS 8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses  723 Malik Peiris 8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–​Barr virus)  734 J.G.P. Sissons 8.5.3 Epstein–​Barr virus  754 Alan B. Rickinson and M.A. Epstein 8.5.4 Poxvi...

8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies- related lyssaviruses 805 8.5.10  Rhabdoviruses 805 diversity. In:  Desselberger U, Gray J (eds) Viral gastroenteritis, pp. 317–​44. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. Jones MK, et al. (2014). Enteric bacteria promote human an...

8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod- borne reoviruses 819 8.5.11  Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses 819 which are presumably vectors. It was isolated from a child with meningitis who recovered, and from another with fatal ence...

8.5.12 Alphaviruses 821 8.5.12  Alphaviruses 821 Kemerovo group Kemerovo group viruses have been isolated from ixodid and hyalomma ticks in Russia and Central Europe. They cause benign fe- brile illnesses and, occasionally, meningitis or encephalitis in spring...

8.5.13 Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella Pat Tookey and J.M. Best ESSENTIALS Rubella is caused by an enveloped RNA virus, for which humans are the only known host. Transmission is by airborne droplet spread, with infection seen predominantly in ...

8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue 830 830 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.14  Flaviviruses excluding dengue Shannan Lee Rossi and Nikos Vasilakis ESSENTIALS Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (see Chapter 8.5.15) are the most important and widespread ...

8.5.15 Dengue 845 8.5.15  Dengue 845 FURTHER READING Aliota MT, et al. (2017). Zika in the Americas, year 2: What have we learned, What gaps remain? A report from the Global Virus Network. Antivir Res, 144, 223–46. Barrows N, et al. (2016). Repurposed drug can...

8.5.16 Bunyaviridae 852 852 section 8  Infectious diseases Deen JL, et al. (2006). The WHO dengue classification and case defin- itions: time for a reassessment. Lancet, 368, 170–​3. Ferguson NM, et al. (2015). Modeling the impact on virus transmis- sion of Wo...

8.5.17 Arenaviruses 862 862 section 8  Infectious diseases Crimean–​Congo haemorrhagic fever Bente DA, et al. (2013). Crimean–​Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diver- sity. Antiviral Res, 100, 159–​89....

8.5.18 Filoviruses 870 870 section 8  Infectious diseases loss, which occurs in up to 30% of Lassa fever patients, was recently shown in a mouse model to be associated with mild damage to the cochlear cells and significant degeneration of the spiral ganglion c...

8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 8.5.19  Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 Prognosis The case fatality of filovirus infections is extremely high and possibly de- pendent on the infecting species, with up to 90% for Ebola virus Zaire and Mar...

8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein– Barr virus) 734 734 section 8  Infectious diseases Dowell SF (ed) (1998). Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents for pediatric upper respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics, 101 Suppl, 163–​84. Falsey AR, W...

8.5.20 Parvovirus B19 886 886 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.20  Parvovirus B19 Kevin E. Brown ESSENTIALS Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a small DNA virus that replicates in eryth- roid progenitor cells, with virus-​induced cytotoxicity stopping red cell produc...

8.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) 889 8.5.21  Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) 889 8.5.21  Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) Matthew Cramp, Ashwin Dhanda, and Nikolai V. Naoumov ESSENTIALS The group of hepatit...

8.5.22 Hepatitis C virus 896 896 section 8  Infectious diseases Lok AS, et al. (2017). Hepatitis B: from discovery to regulatory ap- proval. J Hepatol 67, 847–61. Rehermann B (2013). Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differen- tial roles of T cells and ...

8.5.23 HIV/ AIDS 901 8.5.23  HIV/AIDS 901 HCV may clear the virus spontaneously within the first 3 months, treatment is advocated for acute HCV as it is very effective. It should be started between 12 and 24 weeks of infection. This allows suffi- cient time to...