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8.5.24 HIV in low- and middle- income countries 933 8.5.24  HIV in low- and middle-income countries 933 Bartlett JG, et al. (2012). Medical management of HIV infection, 16th edition. Johns Hopkins Medicine, Health Publishing Business Group, Baltimore, MD. Cohe...

8.5.25 HTLV- 1, HTLV- 2, and associated diseases 941 8.5.25  HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases 941 fever, weight loss, night sweats) at each clinical encounter, and those who do not have active tuberculosis should be offered isoniazid pre- ventive therap...

8.5.26 Viruses and cancer 945 8.5.26  Viruses and cancer 945 8.5.26  Viruses and cancer Robin A. Weiss ESSENTIALS Viruses are important in cancer for three main reasons: (1) As a cause of cancer—​about 15% of the worldwide cancer burden is due to vir- uses. (...

8.5.27 Orf and Milker’s nodule 947 8.5.27  Orf and Milker’s nodule 947 Plymoth A, Viviani S, Hainaut P (2009). Control of hepatocellular carcinoma through hepatitis B vaccination in areas of high endem- icity: perspectives for global liver cancer prevention. C...

8.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum 949 8.5.28  Molluscum contagiosum 949 Fig. 8.5.27.4  Herpetic whitlows on adjacent fingers. Courtesy of the late Dr B. E. Juel-​Jensen. impetigo, pyogenic granuloma, cutaneous anthrax, fungal or atypical mycobacterial infection, an...

8.5.29 Newly discovered viruses 951 8.5.29  Newly discovered viruses 951 Henderson–​Paterson molluscum bodies. These are 35 µm in diam- eter, ovoid, eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within keratinocytes (Fig. 8.5.28.4). They stain purple with Tz...

8.5.3 Epstein– Barr virus 754 754 section 8  Infectious diseases Whitley RJ, et al. (1998). Guidelines for the treatment of CMV diseases in patients with AIDS in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med, 158, 957–​69. Human herpesvirus 6 and 7...

8.5.4 Poxviruses 764 764 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.4  Poxviruses Geoffrey L. Smith ESSENTIALS Poxviruses are large, complex DNA viruses that have played sev- eral seminal roles in medicine and biological science. Cowpox virus was introduced by Jenner...

8.5.5 Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769 8.5.5  Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769 disease virus, is considered a tanapox virus strain). These viruses rep- licate slowly in cell culture and cause zoonotic infections in humans. Tanapox virus was isolated in the Tana vall...

8.5.6 Measles 772 772 section 8  Infectious diseases In the normal infant, maternal IgG passes to the fetus and seems to protect the infant against mumps during the first year of life. The typical disease of mumps in infants is a rare clinical finding, even in...

8.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides 784 784 section 8  Infectious diseases is assumed to be necessary if the virus is to be eradicated. Current vaccines do not meet these standards except when two doses have been given in national campaigns. New recomb...

8.5.8 Enterovirus infections 787 8.5.8  Enterovirus infections 787 8.5.8  Enterovirus infections Philip Minor and Ulrich Desselberger ESSENTIALS Enteroviruses are single-​stranded, positive-​sense RNA viruses com- prising poliomyelitis viruses (3 types), coxs...

8.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting 797 8.5.9  Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting 797 FURTHER READING Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E (2002). Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natu...

8.6 Bacteria 958 8.6 Bacteria CONTENTS 8.6.1 Diphtheria  959 Delia B. Bethell and Tran Tinh Hien 8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci  965 Dennis L. Stevens and Sarah Hobdey 8.6.3 Pneumococcal infections  975 Anthony Scott 8.6.4 Staphylococci  991 Kyle J. Po...

8.6.1 Diphtheria 959 8.6.1  Diphtheria 959 8.6.35 Leptospirosis  1198 Nicholas P.J. Day 8.6.36 Non​venereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta  1204 Michael Marks, Oriol Mitjà, and David Mabey 8.6.37 Syphilis  1210 Phillip Rea...

8.6.10 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) 1051 8.6.10  Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) 1051 Vaccines The greatest need for typhoid vaccination is among infants, children, and young adults in ...

8.6.11 Anaerobic bacteria 1055 8.6.11  Anaerobic bacteria 1055 8.6.11  Anaerobic bacteria Anilrudh A. Venugopal and David W. Hecht ESSENTIALS Anaerobic bacteria will not grow when incubated with 10% CO2 in room air, but they vary in their tolerance of differen...

8.6.12 Cholera 1060 section 8  Infectious diseases 1060 moxifloxacin has demonstrated moderate to good in vitro activity against most anaerobes. There are recent reports of isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis groups that were multidrug resistant and also of a...