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8.6.13 Haemophilus influenzae 1066 section 8  Infectious diseases 1066 other diarrhoeas) by having a reduced concentration of sodium (75 mmol/​litre). This hypo-​osmolar solution is also acceptable for cholera. ORS are easily prepared by adding the following s...

8.6.14 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 1071 1071 8.6.14  Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 8.6.14  Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid Nigel O’Farrell ESSENTIALS Haemophilus ducreyi is a Gram-​negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus that is the cause of chan...

8.6.15 Bordetella infection 1073 8.6.15  Bordetella infection 1073 8.6.15  Bordetella infection Cameron C. Grant ESSENTIALS Bordetella are small Gram-​negative coccobacilli, of which Bordetella pertussis is the most important human pathogen. Bordetella pertuss...

8.6.16 Melioidosis and glanders 1076 section 8  Infectious diseases 1076 There are no agents with proven efficacy for the treatment of pertussis-​induced cough. Prognosis/​outcome Pertussis in young infants is unpredictable with the potential for rapid deterio...

8.6.17 Plague: Yersinia pestis 1081 1081 8.6.17  Plague: Yersinia pestis Michael Prentice ESSENTIALS Bubonic plague is a flea-​borne zoonosis caused by the Gram-​negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, which mainly affects small burrowing mam- mals including domes...

8.6.18 Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis 1086 section 8  Infectious diseases 1086 8.6.18  Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis Michael Prentice ESSENTIALS Yersiniosis is caused by the enteropathogenic Gram-​negative organ- isms Yersinia enterocolitica a...

8.6.19 Pasteurella 1088 section 8  Infectious diseases 1088 herds. This has been accomplished for a small number of herds in Norway, removing Yersinia, Salmonella, and Campylobacter carriage, but is not yet widespread. Sequencing of more strains of Y. enteroco...

8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci 965 8.6.2  Streptococci and enterococci 965 diphtheria vaccine is reduced in children aged 7 years and older so that reactogenicity is minimized. The recommended schedule for vaccination against diphtheria varies between coun...

8.6.20 Francisella tularensis infection 1091 1091 8.6.20  Francisella tularensis infection review of the literature in the last 10 years. Int J Infect Dis, 14 Suppl 3, e242–​5. Medeiros I, Saconato H (2001). Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites. Cochrane...

8.6.21 Anthrax 1094 section 8  Infectious diseases 1094 Meningitis should be treated with an aminoglycoside in combin- ation with chloramphenicol. Supportive care should be provided as appropriate; some patients may require intensive care with respiratory supp...

8.6.22 Brucellosis 1102 section 8  Infectious diseases 1102 needed in great quantities. These realities will challenge prepared- ness planners. Challenges and future developments Methods for detection of spores in the environment, especially in the atmosphere,...

8.6.23 Tetanus 1109 8.6.23  Tetanus 1109 Porte F, et al. (2003). Role of the Brucella suis lipopolysaccharide o antigen in phagosomal genesis and in inhibition of phagosome-​ lysosome fusion in murine macrophages. Infect Immun, 71, 1481–​90. Queipo-​Ortuño MI,...

8.6.24 Clostridium difficile 1115 8.6.24  Clostridium difficile 1115 Areas of uncertainty, controversy, and future developments Tetanus continues to be a significant problem in much of the world. Considerable progress has been made towards its elimination; how...

8.6.25 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections 1120 section 8  Infectious diseases 1120 Pépin J, et al. (2004). Clostridium difficile-​associated diarrhea in a re- gion of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease seve...

8.6.26 Tuberculosis 1126 section 8  Infectious diseases 1126 raw meat, and can be carried by flies. The distribution of enterotoxin-​ producing strains may be more restricted. However, surface con- tamination of meat with C. perfringens is common and subsequen...

8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria 1150 section 8  Infectious diseases 1150 8.6.27  Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria Jakko van Ingen ESSENTIALS Introduction—​there are over 130 species of mycobacteria; species other than M.  tuberc...

8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 1154 section 8  Infectious diseases 1154 little evidence to support these regimens and expert consultation should be sought. For M. chelonae, tobramycin or imipenem can be combined with a macrolide, with macrolide-​fluoroquino...

8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection 1167 1167 8.6.29  Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection arguments illustrate the difficulty in providing sound evidence for policy decisions when a decade-​long wait to establish relapse rates is n...