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Learning objectives To understand and appreciate: Fundamental differences of war surgery • Injury patterns of modern warfare • Learning objectives To understand and appreciate: Fundamental differences of war surgery • Injury patterns of modern warfare • Learni...

MANAGEMENT OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS The management of gunshot wounds in a conflict setting may - di ff er from that in civilian practice. The typical low-energy wounds caused by pistols are sometimes managed conserva - tively in civilian trauma centres with adequate w...

MASSIVE TRANSFUSION While haemorrhage control prior to the need for massive transfusion is ideal, this is often not the case. The degree of injury and associated massive blood loss associated with war injuries may necessitate large-volume transfusion. The use ...

MEDICAL EVACUATION Medical evacuation refers to the movement and en route care of casualties within a conflict zone. The evacuation may be the initial movement from a battlefield or between other more sophisticated echelons of care, up to and including repatri...

MEDICAL SUPPORT ROLES The term ‘role’ is used to designate the tiers of medical support 2 that integrate into a modern military operation. An apprecia tion of the capabilities and limitations of these roles is essential to improving the care of casualties at...

PRINCIPLES OF WAR SURGERY Battlefield death occurs early (or immediately) because of devastating central nervous system injury and haemorrhage, or - - - late because of infection. Some of the injuries causing imme - diate death (including brain, heart and gre...

Primary blast injury Primary blast injuries result from the overpressure and are, as such, unique to blast. The e ff ect of blast overpressure is most marked at the interface between air and tissue or liquid. Tympanic membrane (TM) rupture is the most common p...

Quaternary and quinary injury Quaternary blast injury refers to a miscellaneous group of injuries that do not fall within other categories. These include burns, inhalational injuries and late-onset respiratory prob lems. Quinary injury refers to injury caused ...

REFERENCES 1 Atta HM. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: the oldest known surgi - cal treatise. Am Surg 1999; 65 (12): 1190–2. 2 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO logistics handbook . Brus - sels: NATO Headquarters, 2012. Available from https://www .nato. in...