Search Results

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HAND AND WRIST The hand and wrist should be thought of as one functional unit. The muscles may be divided into extrinsic (the muscle bellies in the forearm) and intrinsic (origins and insertions within the hand alone). The ‘flexors’ ...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HIP JOINT The hip is a synovium-lined ball-and-socket joint. Typical clinical diseases of the hip that may be encountered in children and adults are shown in Table 35.10 . A patient complaining of hip pain should undergo a careful...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE The knee is a synovial hinged joint. There are three compart - ments: medial, lateral and patellofemoral. The quadriceps, quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon and tibial tuberos - ity constitute the extensor mechanism of...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SHOULDER Pain arising from the shoulder joint may be felt anterolaterally . Referred pain may present from the cervical spine, heart, mediastinum and the diaphragm. CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SHOULDER Pain arising from the shoulder...

Cervical spine Look Ensure that the shoulders, back muscles and scapulae can be seen. Look for muscle wasting and asymmetry of the neck creases and check that the shoulders are level and that there is a normal cervical lordosis (range 20–40°). Feel Stand behi...

ELBOW The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the ulna and radius with the humerus. ELBOW The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the ulna and radius with the humerus.

Extensors and flexors Asking the patient to grip two of your fingers in their fist tests the power of the extensors of the wrist (radial nerve) because Jules Froment , 1878–1946, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Lyons, France. they are needed to brace the wris...

FURTHER READING Beighton PH, Horan F . Orthopedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1969; 51-B : 444–53. Ellenbecker TS, Nirschl R, Renstrom P . Current concepts in examination and treatment of elbow tendon injury . Sports Health 2013; ...

Feel Ask the patient if they have any areas of tenderness. Ensure that you do not cause the patient pain – watch their face as you feel. It may be easier (especially with children) to feel the normal side first. tion in Pyrford, UK, which became international...