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Finger flexors ). /uni25CF Superficialis tendon test . The flexor digitorum pro - fundus (FDP) usually has one muscle belly from which tendons to all of the fingers arise. The FDP can be immo - bilised by holding all of the fingers (except the one being ws the su...

Flat foot flexibility Use the windlass and Jack’s tests to distinguish a flexible from a fixed flat foot ( Figure 35.40 ). /uni25CF Windlass test . Ask the patient to stand on their toes and observe the arch of the foot on the medial aspect. As soon as the patien...

General principles Apley described a useful and systematic approach to clinical examination. This approach is divided into three parts: 1 look; 2 feel; 3 move. General principles Apley described a useful and systematic approach to clinical examination. This ap...

HISTORY Introduction /uni25CF Ensure you have followed appropriate hand hygiene guid ance. /uni25CF Introduce yourself and check the patient’s name and date of birth. /uni25CF Request presence of a chaperone as appropriate. /uni25CF Explain what you are goi...

Impingement syndrome This is impairment of rotator cu ff function within the subacromial bursa. It may lead to inflammation (tendinitis) or a partial- or full-thickness tear. Impingement is characterised by pain and weakness on abduction and internal rotation. ...

INTRODUCTION The components of the musculoskeletal (MSK) system include the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons as well as the neurological and vascular structures. A simple system allows a concise yet comprehensive history to be taken and a reliabl...

Learning objectives To understand how to: Take a comprehensive musculoskeletal history • Perform a structured and systematic musculoskeletal • examination Learning objectives To understand how to: Take a comprehensive musculoskeletal history • Perform a struct...

Look The inspection begins as soon as you enter the examination room. Look for any walking aids. Remember to look at the whole patient and not just at the joint of interest. For example: /uni25CF look at the hands for rheumatoid arthritis; /uni25CF look at th...

Lumbar spine Examination should include the pelvis, hips, lower limbs, gait and peripheral vascular system as well as the lumbar region. Irritation of nerves in the lumbar spine can mimic problems in the lower limb. Always consider referred pain. Lumbar spine...