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Radiology Urinary tract ultrasound scan USS ( Figure 81.14 ) can characterise pathologies of the...

SPECT/CT and PET/CT Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomo...

SYMPTOMS RELATED TO THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA Testis A testis may be absent from the scrotum in pati...

Penis Peyronie’s disease is an idiopathic condition in which fibrosis develops in the corpora cave...

Pneumaturia This is gas in the urine. Patients typically describe frothy urine, bubbles in the ur...

Prepuce (foreskin) Phimosis occurs when the distal foreskin is tight and will not retract. Paraph...

LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS A normal micturition cycle consists of two phases: storage and void...

Learning objectives To understand: The signi /f_i cance of pain relating to urinary tract patholo...

PAIN Pain is a common urological symptom. Pain while passing urine is called dysuria and refers t...

INVESTIGATION OF URINARY SYMPTOMS Blood tests Blood counts and chemistry Initial blood tests in s...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

LESS COMMON URINARY SYMPTOMS Haematospermia This refers to blood, which can be bright red or a br...

FURTHER READING Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Kopp JB. Prostate specific antigen levels in men older than ...

Glans penis In the younger male, genitourinary warts due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection ...

HAEMATURIA Haematuria occurs when there is blood in the urine. This is now classified as visible h...

Bladder function assessment Flow rate and ultrasound scan residual urine Men with LUTS and women ...

Endoscopy Cystoscopy To further evaluate urinary symptoms, the entire lining of the urinary tract...

Epididymis Epididymal pathology is rare in prepubertal males. In sexually active males, acute epi...

Treatment After confirmation of the diagnosis and exclusion of secondary causes of anal ulcerati...

Venous drainage The anal veins are distributed in a similar fashion to the arterial supply . The ...