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Operations Indications The indications for haemorrhoidectomy include: /uni25CF third- and fourth-...

Operative measures Anal sphincter dilatation has been used to reduce sphincter tone; however, thi...

Management Most patients with incontinence can be managed conserva - tively with dietary advice, ...

NON-MALIGNANT STRICTURES: ANAL STENOSIS Anal stenosis is a rare but serious complication of anor...

Learning objectives To understand: The anatomy and physiology of the anus and anal • canal with...

Lymphatic drainage Lymph from the upper half of the anal canal flows upwards to drain into the m...

MALIGNANT TUMOURS Malignant lesions of the anus and anal canal Anal malignancy is rare and accoun...

Investigations Anorectal physiology studies provide objective assessment of the anorectal functi...

Inflammatory bowel disease Stricture of the anorectum may complicate Crohn’s disease and, in this...

Lateral anal sphincterotomy In this operation, the internal sphincter is divided away from - the ...

Injectable biomaterials Injectable biomaterials to add bulk to the anal canal and thereby augment...

Inspection The buttocks are gently parted to allow inspection of the anus and perineum: the pres...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Hypertrophied anal papilla Anal papillae occur at the dentate line and are remnants of the ectode...

INCONTINENCE Aetiology Continence is dependent upon the structural and functional integrity of b...

Imperforate anus Imperforate anus (strictly , it should be anal ‘agenesis’ or ‘atre sia’) has his...

Fissurectomy Surgical excision of a fissure involves excising of the fibrotic edge, curettage of ...

HAEMORRHOIDS Haemorrhoids are symptomatic enlargements of the internal haemorrhoidal venous plex...

HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA HA is a chronic suppurative condition of apocrine gland- bearing skin f...

External haemorrhoids A thrombosed external haemorrhoid relates anatomically to the veins of the...