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Epidemiology The lifetime prevalence varies from 1% to 20% and the causes are multifactorial. Rec...

Genetic renal cysts These cystic renal lesions have a known genetic inheritance. They are usuall...

Diagnosis The diagnostic approach can be classified into investigations done in the emergency sett...

Ectopic kidney This occurs when the mature kidney fails to reach its normal location in the lumba...

Ectopic ureters An ectopic ureter is one that drains to regions other than the bladder. Ectopic u...

Complications Renal and ureteric stones can lead to significant morbidity owing to urinary tract o...

Congenital megaureter The normal ureteric diameter in children up to 16 years is 0.50–0.65 /uni00...

Congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction Congenital PUJO is the most common cause of unilat...

Children See also Chapter 20 . Stones are rare in children. Childhood urolithiasis is more common...

Classification UTI is classified as uncomplicated when it occurs in an immunocompetent host with a...

Clinical presentation Incidentally detected asymptomatic stones are increasingly diagnosed becaus...

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)...

Benign renal tumours Incidental detection of renal lesions has increased owing to - the widespre...

CONGENITAL DISEASES Renal agenesis Complete absence of one kidney occurs in 1 in 3000 live birth...

Acquired renal cystic disease Most patients on haemodialysis develop bilateral renal cysts - afte...

Antenatal hydronephrosis The prevalence of antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) ranges from 0.6% to 5....

Urine-based tests Urinalysis In a urine dipstick test, used to screen for significant disease, uri...

Spermatic cord Ten per cent of males have a left-sided varicocele and a smaller left testis. Mas...

Uraemia Rarely , the initial symptoms of urological disease may be those of severe renal dysfun...

Urethra Hypospadias occurs when there is failure of the urethra to completely close on the ventr...