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Types of stones Calcium oxalate stones This is the most common type of stone, constituting 60–85...

URETERS Renal trauma Kidneys are retroperitoneal structures; they are relatively fixed by their va...

Ureteral duplication Duplication of the ureter ( Figure 82.3 ) and renal pelvis is a common anom...

Surgical management Indications for surgical intervention /uni25CF Failure of medical management...

TUMOURS OF THE KIDNEYS AND URETERS Upper tract urothelial cancer Primary urothelial neoplasms of ...

Tuberculosis of the urinary tract Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) accounts for 15–20% of extrap...

Renal cell carcinoma RCC is the most common solid neoplasm of the kidney . It accounts for aroun...

Retrocaval ureter This is due to anomalous development of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with per...

Sporadic renal cysts Sporadic renal cysts are usually benign. Cysts with thin, sharply defined wal...

Pathogenesis Stone formation results from a cascade of events that occur during and after urine ...

Pregnancy Renal colic is the leading cause of non-obstetric hospital admission in pregnancy . Th...

RENAL CYSTS Renal cysts can be broadly classified into sporadic, acquired and genetic causes.

Multicystic dysplastic kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is the second most common caus...

Non-endourological surgical management Open surgery such as pyelolithotomy and anatrophic nephro ...

Non-surgical management of stone disease This involves watchful waiting, medical expulsive therap...

Horseshoe kidney This is the most common renal fusion anomaly , occurring in about1 in 400 live b...

INFECTIONS UTI is very common and a ff ects all ages and both sexes. It can cause significant morbi...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Learning objectives To know: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and ureter • Classi /f_i cation o...

Endourology Endourological procedures are the current preferred mode of - treatment owing to thei...