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ANATOMY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS The developmental embryology and surgical anatomy of the parat...

Treatment When medullary carcinoma is diagnosed, staging of the neck and chest should be perform...

Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma This is one of the most aggressive malignancies in human...

Thyroid autoantibodies Serum levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglob...

Thyroid imaging The workhorse investigation in thyroid disease for the surgeon is ultrasonography...

Thyroid-stimulating antibodies A family of IgG immunoglobulins bind with TSH receptor sites (TRA...

THYROID ENLARGEMENT The normal thyroid gland is impalpable. The term goitre (from the Latin guttu...

THYROIDITIS Chronic lymphocytic (autoimmune) thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) This common condit...

THYROIDITIS Chronic lymphocytic (autoimmune) thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) This common condit...

Surgery for thyrotoxicosis Preoperative preparation Traditional preparation aims to make the pati...

Surgical treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer This subject has many contentious aspects. F...

Surgical treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer This subject has many contentious aspects. F...

SURGICAL ANATOMY The normal thyroid gland weighs 20–25 /uni00A0 g. The functioning unit is the lo...

Serum thyroid hormones Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH levels can be measured accurately do...

Simple goitre Aetiology Simple goitre may develop as a result of stimulation of the thyroid gla...

NEOPLASMS OF THE THYROID Classification of thyroid neoplasms is presented in Table 55.6 and the r...

PHYSIOLOGY Thyroxine The hormones tri-iodothyronine (T ) and /l.sc -thyroxine (T 3 bound to thyro...

Prognosis in differentiated thyroid carcinoma The prognosis in di ff erentiated thyroid cancers i...

Malignant tumours The vast majority of primary malignancies are carcinomas derived from the foll...

Medullary carcinoma These are tumours of the parafollicular (C cells) derived from the neural cr...