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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 Epidemiology and genetics MEN /uni00A0 1 is an autosomal domi...

INTRODUCTION Two major systems are held responsible for the regulation of homeostasis of the hum...

Learning objectives Adrenal gland To understand the investigation and diagnosis of disorders • of...

MUL TIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA MEN is a group of heterogeneous disorders characterised by a predi...

Extra-adrenal paraganglia Paraganglia are neuroendocrine cells associated with the autonomic nerv...

Ganglioneuroma Defi nition Ganglioneuromas (GNs) are benign di ff erentiated tumours of neural cre...

INCIDENTALOMA Definition An asymptomatic adrenal mass detected on imaging not performed for suspec...

DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND DIFFUSE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM Phaeochromocytoma and paragang...

Duodenum Incidence These are exceptionally rare tumours, accounting for 1–3% of all GI-NETs. Pat...

EMBRYOLOGY There are two distinct functional units in the adrenal gland: cortex and medulla. The ...

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) Virilisation and adrenal insu ffi ciency in...

Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) Definition First described in 1957 in a patient with ...

Cushing’s syndrome Definition Hypercortisolism may arise as a result of excess ACTH secretion (te...

Adrenocortical carcinoma Definition ACC is a rare aggressive malignancy that arises from the adren...

Appendiceal carcinoid Incidence Appendiceal NETs are the commonest neoplasm in the appendix (30–8...

Chronic adrenal insufficiency Patients with chronic adrenal insu ffi ciency may also be di ffi cult to...

ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY Adrenal insu ffi ciency may be primary , secondary or tertiary . Primary insu...

ANATOMY Adrenal glands The weight of a normal adrenal gland is approximately 4 /uni00A0 g. The a...

Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal or Addisonian crisis) This is a medical emergency . Owing to ...

ADRENAL HAEMORRHAGE Definition Adrenal haemorrhage is a serious condition that can result in adren...