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8.6.46 Mycoplasmas 1295 8.6.46  Mycoplasmas 1295 specimens. Examination of serum samples, preferably paired, is ad- vocated for diagnosing C.  pneumoniae and C.  psittaci infections. Using a complement-​fixation test is an out-​of-​date practice and im- munofl...

8.6.47 A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans 1307 8.6.47  A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans 1307 8.6.47  A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans John Paul ESSENTIALS In addition to a relativel...

8.6.5 Meningococcal infections 1010 section 8  Infectious diseases 1010 Koser CU, et al. (2013). Rapid whole-​genome sequencing for in- vestigation of a neonatal MRSA outbreak. N Engl J Med, 366, 2267–​75. Lal Y, Assimacopoulos AP (2011). Two cases of daptomyc...

8.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025 8.6.6  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025 third dose in the second year of life. The vaccine reduces but does not eliminate carriage. A vaccine combining the components of Bexsero® with the conjugate polysaccharide A, C, W, Y is presen...

8.6.7 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning 1032 section 8  Infectious diseases 1032 Nassif X, et al. (1999). Interactions of pathogenic neisseria with host cells. Is it possible to assemble the puzzle? Mol Biol, 32, 1124–​32. Newman L, et al. (2015). Gl...

8.6.8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041 8.6.8  Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041 8.6.8  Pseudomonas aeruginosa G.C.K.W. Koh and Sharon J. Peacock ESSENTIALS Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly versatile environmental Gram-​ negative bacterium that can be isolated from a wi...

8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers 1044 section 8  Infectious diseases 1044 There is good in vitro evidence that monotherapy is associated with a slower rate of bacterial killing and the emergence of resistance; however, for uncomplicated infections, therapy...

8.7 Fungi (mycoses) 1338

8.7.1 Fungal infections 1338 8.7 Fungi (mycoses) CONTENTS 8.7.1 Fungal infections  1338 Roderick J. Hay 8.7.2 Cryptococcosis  1359 William G. Powderly, J. William Campbell, and Larry J. Shapiro 8.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis  1361 Gregory M. Anstead 8.7.4 Paraco...

8.7.2 Cryptococcosis 1359 8.7.2  Cryptococcosis 1359 8.7.2  Cryptococcosis William G. Powderly, J. William Campbell, and Larry J. Shapiro ESSENTIALS Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide as a soil organism and thought to be transmitted by inhalatio...

8.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis 1361 8.7.3  Coccidioidomycosis 1361 treatment. An approach similar to that recommended for immuno- suppressed patients is still recommended, such as an initial (2–​4 weeks) of amphotericin B-​based induction therapy followed by 8–​10 w...

8.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis 1364 section 8  Infectious diseases 1364 Central nervous system involvement Coccidioidal meningitis may be accompanied by coccidioma, vas- culitis, infarction, and hydrocephalus. Most clinicians initiate treat- ment of meningitis w...

8.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371 8.7.5  Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371 8.7.5  Pneumocystis jirovecii Robert F. Miller and Christopher P. Eades ESSENTIALS The ascomycete fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously called Pneumocystis carinii) is the cause of pneumo...

8.7.6 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection 1375 1375 8.7.6  Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection more commonly in individuals who have prior exposure. There is con- flicting evidence as to whether DHPS mutations are associated with poor outco...

8.7.7 Microsporidiosis 1378 section 8  Infectious diseases 1378 treatment is amphotericin B 0.6 mg/​kg per day intravenously for 2 weeks, followed by itraconazole 400 mg/​day orally for 10 weeks. Patients with less severe disease can be initially treated with ...

8.8 Protozoa 1384

8.8.1 Amoebic infections 1384 8.8 Protozoa CONTENTS 8.8.1 Amoebic infections  1384 Richard Knight 8.8.2 Malaria  1395 Nicholas J. White and Arjen M. Dondorp 8.8.3 Babesiosis  1414  Philippe Brasseur 8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis  1416 Oliver Liesenfeld and Eskild Pe...

8.8.10 Blastocystis infection 1449 1449 concurrent malignant disease (including chronic lymphocytic leu- kaemia and anal cancer). Furthermore, rare case reports have also suggested that B. coli can be associated with osteomyelitis of the cer- vical spine, and ...