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Metatarsophalangeal joint Test extension (70–90°) by asking the patient to lift the toes to the ceiling and test flexion (45°) by pointing the toes to the floor. Normal toe-o ff requires 35–40° of dorsiflexion. Metatarsophalangeal joint Test extension (70–90°) by...

Midtarsal joint Hold the heel with one hand and move the forefoot medially - (adduction = 20°) and laterally (abduction = 10°) with the other hand. Midtarsal joint Hold the heel with one hand and move the forefoot medially - (adduction = 20°) and laterally (ab...

Move There are three stages to assessing movement. The words used to describe a particular movement are shown in Table 35.3 /uni25CF Active . Ask the patient to move the joint within the limits of their pain. /uni25CF Passive . Move the limb or joint yourself...

Neurological Focus your examination on the C5 to T1 nerve roots. These supply the upper extremities ( Figure 35.5 ). Figure 35.5 Spurling’s test for cervical spine nerve root entrapment. The examiner turns the patient’s head to the affected side while extendin...

SPINE The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae with 23 interver tebral discs. This is supported by numerous ligaments and paraspinal muscles. When observed from the front (coronal plane) with the patient standing and the hips and knees fully extended, the h...

Snapping hip Snapping hip is a condition in which the patient feels a snap ping sensation or hears a popping sound in their hip when they walk, get up from a chair or swing their leg around. The snapping sensation occurs when a muscle or tendon (the strong tis...

Special tests Achilles tendon Feel the gastrocnemius and soleus bellies and the whole length of the tendon for gaps (rupture), tenderness or swelling. Also Patrik Haglund , 1870–1937, Swedish orthopaedic surgeon. Theodore Campbell Thompson , 1902–1986, Americ...

Special tests and diagnoses Special tests and diagnoses

Special tests /uni25CF Trendelenburg test ( Figure 35.29 ). Face the patient and ask them to place their hands on the palm of your hands for support. Then ask them to stand first on one leg, then the other. Increased pressure from the opposite hand as they tak...