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Ankle stability Trauma to the ankle is a common cause of instability . Accurate assessment may be di ffi cult in the acute setting because of pain. /uni25CF Anterior draw test . With the foot resting over the bed, hold the heel with one hand and the front of ...

Anterior cruciate ligament The most sensitive test for evaluation of the ACL is the Lachman test. /uni25CF The Lachman test ( Figure 35.32 ). Flex the knee to 15–30° and pull the proximal tibia gently forwards. Exces - sive laxity may indicate rupture of the...

Assessment of joint hypermobility Increased movement and flexibility of a joint can often cause joint pain and symptoms of instability . A formal assessment of joint mobility can help document the degree of mobility . The Beighton score alone cannot be used ...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE The foot can be divided into three parts: the hindfoot (calca neus, talus), the midfoot (navicular, cuboids, cuneiforms) and the forefoot (metatarsals and phalanges).

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HAND AND WRIST The hand and wrist should be thought of as one functional unit. The muscles may be divided into extrinsic (the muscle bellies in the forearm) and intrinsic (origins and insertions within the hand alone). The ‘flexors’ ...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HIP JOINT The hip is a synovium-lined ball-and-socket joint. Typical clinical diseases of the hip that may be encountered in children and adults are shown in Table 35.10 . A patient complaining of hip pain should undergo a careful...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE The knee is a synovial hinged joint. There are three compart - ments: medial, lateral and patellofemoral. The quadriceps, quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon and tibial tuberos - ity constitute the extensor mechanism of...

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SHOULDER Pain arising from the shoulder joint may be felt anterolaterally . Referred pain may present from the cervical spine, heart, mediastinum and the diaphragm.

Cervical spine Look Ensure that the shoulders, back muscles and scapulae can be seen. Look for muscle wasting and asymmetry of the neck creases and check that the shoulders are level and that there is a normal cervical lordosis (range 20–40°). Feel Stand behi...