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Special cases Genitourinary tuberculosis Genitourinary tuberculosis (GU-TB) caused by Mycobacteri...

Pathogenesis The most common route of infection is ascending UTI; contamination of the vaginal ...

Pathology The commonest type of bladder cancer is transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma ( Tabl...

Postoperative mitomycin C instillation Approximately 30% of patients with NMIBC will experience ...

Lymphatics /uni25CF Internal iliac, hypogastric, obturator and external iliac chain of nodes. /u...

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer The two primary radical treatment options for MIBC are radi cal cy...

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer The aim of managing patients with NMIBC is to reduce the risk...

Investigation The diagnosis is made on imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography [CT], magnetic re...

Ketamine cystitis Ketamine is an N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. It has been used for de...

Learning objectives To describe: The anatomical, embryological and pharmacological • features of ...

INNERVATION OF THE BLADDER The lower urinary tract (LUT) is innervated by sympathetic, parasympat...

Intraperitoneal injury Intraperitoneal injuries usually require open surgical repair to reduce th...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Fascia and ligamentous supports /uni25CF At the posterolateral bladder neck, condensations of fa...

Grading and staging Bladder cancer is graded as well di ff erentiated (G1), moderately di ff erenti...

HAEMATURIA Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be clas sified as visible (VH...

Enuresis Enuresis, or bedwetting, describes urinary incontinence during sleep in any child over t...

Epidemiology Urinary incontinence is highly prevalent, a ff ecting 25–45% of men and women, and th...

Extraperitoneal injury The management of extraperitoneal rupture consists of urethral catheteri...

Composition Primary endemic bladder stones in children are usually composed of ammonium urate an...