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Preparation for surgery Clinical assessment Before CABG, the severity and stability of the patie...

Pericardial effusion There is continuous production and resorption of pericardial fluid; if this...

Pericarditis Infection and inflammation may also a ff ect the pericardium. Acute pericarditis usual...

Postoperative complications Bleeding Significant bleeding occurs in approximately 2–3% of patients...

Myocardial protection Once CPB has been established, the ascending aorta is usually cross-clamped...

Outcomes If type A dissection is untreated, the mortality rate is 50% within 48 hours and 75% wi...

PERICARDIAL DISEASES There is a fibrous envelope covering the heart and separating it from the med...

Ischaemic heart disease IHD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in resource- rich countri...

Learning objectives To provide an overall view of: The principles of cardiopulmonary bypass • Inc...

Mitral valve disease Mitral regurgitation Any pathological process a ff ecting the mitral valve a...

Initiating cardiopulmonary bypass Arterial cannulation Conventionally , a perfusion cannula is in...

INTRODUCTION Cardiac surgery has developed at a rapid pace since the first procedures in the 1920s...

Investigations Non-invasive methods of diagnosis Resting electrocardiography As a baseline test, ...

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Prior to 1925, when Sir Henry Souttar reported the first mitral commissurot...

Incidence Cardiac defects are the most common congenital abnormalities in the UK; the incidence o...

Indications for surgery The decision to o ff er CABG is based on the balance between expected bene...

Emergency resternotomy for ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia A precord...

Emergency resternotomy After the identification of cardiac arrest, basic life support according t...

FURTHER READING Bojar RM. Manual of perioperative care in cardiac surgery , 5th edn. Ox - ford: ...

Coronary artery anatomy The coronary arteries are branches of the ascending aorta, arising from ...