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Triple assessment Patients presenting with a breast lump, nipple discharge or other symptoms are ...

Ultrasonography Ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality in young women with dense breast ...

Staging of breast cancer Staging refers to the process of finding out the extent of tumour. The ...

Subacute and chronic inflammation of the breast Non-lactational mastitis Non-lactational mastitis ...

THE NIPPLE Absence of the nipple is rare and is usually associated with amazia (congenital absen...

Sarcoma Sarcomas, most commonly fibrosarcoma and angiosarcoma, may arise de novo from the mesenchy...

Screening for breast cancer Screening for breast cancer involves a highly sensitive diagnostic te...

Spread of cancer Local spread The tumour increases in size and invades adjacent breast parenchyma...

Positron emission tomography Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are used as a staging inves...

Retention cyst of a gland of Montgomery These glands, situated in the areola, secrete sebum. If ...

Risk factors There are several factors known to increase the RR for developing breast cancer. The...

Papilloma of the nipple Papilloma of the nipple has the same features as any cutaneous papilloma...

Pathology This can be considered in three phases: lobule development at 15–25 years, cyclical cha...

Polymazia Accessory breasts ( Figure 58.22 ) have been recorded in the axilla (the most frequent ...

Nipple inversion and retraction At birth the mammary glands in boys and girls are similar. At aro...

Nodular or lumpy breasts Patients who present with painful tender nodularity with mastalgia shoul...

Paget’s disease Paget’s disease is a unique type of DCIS arising in the nipple. It presents as e...

Mastitis of infants Mastitis of infants may occur in both boys and girls. It is uncommon and is ...

Metastatic carcinoma of the breast (stage IV) Treatment of metastatic cancer is aimed at palliat...

Needle biopsy Tissue for histological examination can be obtained under local anaesthesia using a...