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Mammography Mammography in two planes and ultrasonography are the first line investigations for im...

Management of local recurrence The local recurrence should be biopsied as a change in receptor s...

Mastalgia Approximately 50–70% of women attending any breast clinic present with mastalgia (syno...

Lymphatic metastasis This occurs mainly to axillary lymph nodes. Tumours from the inner half of ...

Macromastia Macromastia is a benign disorder characterised by massive enlargement of one or both...

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the breast ( Figure 58.9 ) is useful in a number of settings: ...

Injuries of the breast Haematoma Haematoma, particularly a resolving haematoma, gives rise to a l...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Learning objectives To understand: Appropriate investigation of breast disease • Aberrations of N...

Haematogenous spread 5 At a tumour size of 1–2 /uni00A0 mm (10 cells) neoangiogenesis occurs. Th...

Hereditary and familial breast cancer Hereditary breast cancer (HBC) runs in families, a ff ect -...

INVESTIGATIONS FOR BREAST SYMPTOMS The assessment of women presenting with symptomatic breast di...

Discrete lumps in the breast The main causes of discrete lumps in the breast are listed in Summa...

Eczema Eczema of the nipple and areola is a rare condition and is often bilateral; it is usually...

FURTHER READING Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F et al . (eds). AJCC cancer staging manual , 8th edn. Ch...

Follow-up of operable breast cancer Follow-up after initial therapy routinely includes clinical e...

Congenital abnormalities Amazia Congenital absence of the breast may occur on one or both sides....

Cracked nipple This is observed in about 10% of nursing mothers and is thought to arise from the...

Discharges from the nipple Most nipple discharges are caused by physiological aberrations as part...

Carcinoma of the male breast Carcinoma of the male breast ( Figure 58.39 ) accounts for less tha...