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Development of the heart and fetal

Diagnosis Antenatal diagnosis is occasionally possible, with severe defects detected in utero at ...

Classification Congenital heart disease can be broadly classified according to the presence or abse...

Clinical manifestations The principal symptoms of IHD are chest pain or angina, breathlessness, ...

Complications of CPB CPB is a complex technique requiring careful interaction and communication b...

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

Cardiac arrest with ‘non-shockable’ rhythm Cardiac surgical patients with a non-VF/ventricular ta...

Cardiopulmonary bypass circuit Once the circuit is connected ( Figure 59.1 ) the CPB machine (‘pu...

C A R D I A C M A S S E S Cardiac masses can be either thrombus (blood clots) or tumours. Thromb...

CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS CPB was first used successfully in 1953 by Gibbon and has since - revolutio...

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Introduction Congenital heart diseases are abnormalities of cardiac str...

Aetiology There is often no obvious aetiology; most abnormalities appear to be multifactorial wit...

Aortic dissection This occurs when a defect or flap occurs in the intima of the aorta, resulting i...

Aortic valve disease Approximately two-thirds of all valve surgery performed in the UK is for ao...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author and editors wish to acknowledge the help of Mr Nathan Tyson in the p...

ARREST AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY Introduction The incidence of cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery i...

Acyanotic congenital heart disease Patent ductus arteriosus The ductus arteriosus, a normal feta...

Vacuum-assisted biopsy The sampling error decreases as the biopsy volume increases and using 8G o...

Work-up for metastatic breast cancer Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis and a...

Treatment of breast cancer The treatment of breast cancer is multimodal (includes surgery , syst...