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Clinical features
Clinical features The most common manifestations of ANDI are breast pain and benign nodularity ....
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation A discrete lump in the breast is the most common presentation, and the most...
Breast cancer in pregnancy
Breast cancer in pregnancy Pregnancy is associated with aggressive tumour biology such as TNBC. U...
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women, with an estimated ...
COMPARATIVE AND SURGICAL ANATOMY
COMPARATIVE AND SURGICAL ANATOMY The breast in adult females overlies the pectoral region, extend...
Acute inflammation of the breast
Acute inflammation of the breast Mastitis refers to inflammation of the breast tissue that may or m...
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Nomenclature
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Nomenclature The nomenclature of benign breast disease in the past has bee...
PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY The outer zona glomerulosa secretes the C21 steroid aldosterone. The zona fasciculata ...
Treatment
Treatment Medical Metyrapone or ketoconazole therapy reduces steroid synthesis and secretion by C...
Introduction
INTRODUCTION Two major systems are held responsible for the regulation of homeostasis of the hum...
Learning objectives
Learning objectives Adrenal gland To understand the investigation and diagnosis of disorders • of...
Metastases
Metastases Definition Adrenal metastases are not uncommon and often portend - disseminated incurab...
EMBRYOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY There are two distinct functional units in the adrenal gland: cortex and medulla. The ...
Extra-adrenal paraganglia
Extra-adrenal paraganglia Paraganglia are neuroendocrine cells associated with the autonomic nerv...
INCIDENTALOMA
INCIDENTALOMA Definition An asymptomatic adrenal mass detected on imaging not performed for suspec...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) Virilisation and adrenal insu ffi ciency in...
Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) Definition First described in 1957 in a patient with ...
Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome Definition Hypercortisolism may arise as a result of excess ACTH secretion (te...
Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal or Addisonian crisis)
Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal or Addisonian crisis) This is a medical emergency . Owing to ...
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma Definition ACC is a rare aggressive malignancy that arises from the adren...