Epispadias bladder exstrophy

Epispadias/bladder exstrophy

Epispadias is a rare dorsal penile defect with an opening whose upper limit lies anywhere from the penopubic junction to the glans ( Figure 20.3 ). Epispadias may be part of the bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex in which the bladder and bladder neck are also open on the lower abdominal wall. Ileocaecal exstrophy (cloacal exstrophy) represents the most severe variant, in which there is a small exomphalos with an everted caecum and ileum separating halves of the bladder and, in males, a split penis. If we imagine hypospadias as the anatomy that might result from making an opening with scissors placed with one blade into the urethra and one blade ventrally , then epispadias is akin to making this opening on the dorsal aspect and through the pubis into the bladder for the bladder exstrophy . Children with epispadias have problems with urinary incontinence but are often otherwise healthy . Boys with epispadias and a functioning bladder neck may have a penile reconstruction around 2 years of age. Follow-up is required to monitor bladder emptying, continence and the upper urinary tracts, which may deteriorate if reconstruction causes a degree of obstruction. Epispadias/bladder exstrophy

Epispadias is a rare dorsal penile defect with an opening whose upper limit lies anywhere from the penopubic junction to the glans ( Figure 20.3 ). Epispadias may be part of the bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex in which the bladder and bladder neck are also open on the lower abdominal wall. Ileocaecal exstrophy (cloacal exstrophy) represents the most severe variant, in which there is a small exomphalos with an everted caecum and ileum separating halves of the bladder and, in males, a split penis. If we imagine hypospadias as the anatomy that might result from making an opening with scissors placed with one blade into the urethra and one blade ventrally , then epispadias is akin to making this opening on the dorsal aspect and through the pubis into the bladder for the bladder exstrophy . Children with epispadias have problems with urinary incontinence but are often otherwise healthy . Boys with epispadias and a functioning bladder neck may have a penile reconstruction around 2 years of age. Follow-up is required to monitor bladder emptying, continence and the upper urinary tracts, which may deteriorate if reconstruction causes a degree of obstruction. Epispadias/bladder exstrophy

Epispadias is a rare dorsal penile defect with an opening whose upper limit lies anywhere from the penopubic junction to the glans ( Figure 20.3 ). Epispadias may be part of the bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex in which the bladder and bladder neck are also open on the lower abdominal wall. Ileocaecal exstrophy (cloacal exstrophy) represents the most severe variant, in which there is a small exomphalos with an everted caecum and ileum separating halves of the bladder and, in males, a split penis. If we imagine hypospadias as the anatomy that might result from making an opening with scissors placed with one blade into the urethra and one blade ventrally , then epispadias is akin to making this opening on the dorsal aspect and through the pubis into the bladder for the bladder exstrophy . Children with epispadias have problems with urinary incontinence but are often otherwise healthy . Boys with epispadias and a functioning bladder neck may have a penile reconstruction around 2 years of age. Follow-up is required to monitor bladder emptying, continence and the upper urinary tracts, which may deteriorate if reconstruction causes a degree of obstruction.